Abstract
The cross talk between tumor cells and other cells present in the tumor microenvironment such as stromal and immune cells highly influences the behavior and progression of disease. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of interaction is a prerequisite to develop new treatment strategies and to prevent or at least reduce therapy failure in the future. Specific reactivation of the patient’s immune system is one of the major goals today. However, standard two-dimensional (2D) cell culture techniques lack the necessary complexity to address related questions. Novel three-dimensional (3D) in vitro models—embedded in a matrix or encapsulated in alginate—recapitulate the in vivo situation much better. Cross talk between different cell types can be studied starting from co-cultures. As cancer immune modulation is becoming a major research topic, 3D in vitro models represent an important tool to address immune regulatory/modulatory questions for T, NK, and other cells of the immune system. The 3D systems consisting of tumor cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells (3D-3) already proved as a reliable tool for us. For instance, we made use of those models to study the molecular mechanisms of the cross talk of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and fibroblasts, to unveil macrophage plasticity in the tumor microenvironment and to mirror drug responses in vivo. Generation of those 3D models and how to use them to study immune cell infiltration and activation will be described in the present book chapter.
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Abbreviations
- 3D:
-
Three-dimensional
- CAFs:
-
Cancer-associated fibroblasts
- CFSE:
-
Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester
- CMAC:
-
7-Amino-4-chloromethylcoumarin
- CTLA4:
-
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CD152)
- DMEM:
-
Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium
- DO:
-
Dissolved oxygen
- ECM:
-
Extracellular matrix
- EDTA:
-
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- EMT:
-
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- FBS:
-
Fetal bovine serum
- FCS:
-
Fetal calf serum
- GFP:
-
Green fluorescence protein
- HDFs:
-
Human dermal fibroblasts
- HEPES:
-
4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid
- LAG3:
-
Lymphocyte activation gene 3 (CD223)
- MAPK:
-
Mitogen-activated protein kinase
- mTOR:
-
Mammalian target of rapamycin
- NSCLC:
-
Non-small cell lung cancer
- PBS:
-
Phosphate-buffered saline
- PD1:
-
Programmed cell death protein 1
- PNKs:
-
Primary NK cells
- RFP:
-
Red fluorescence protein
- RPMI medium:
-
Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium
- RT:
-
Room temperature
- TAM:
-
Tumor-associated macrophage
- TGF:
-
Tumor growth factor
- TIM3:
-
T-cell membrane protein 3 (CD366)
- T regs:
-
Regulatory T cells
- ZO-1:
-
Zonula occludens, tight junction protein
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Acknowledgments
We thank Nathalie Harrer for sharing her expertise on cultivation of immune cells and Martha Majewska for the technical support.
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Osswald, A., Hedrich, V., Sommergruber, W. (2019). 3D-3 Tumor Models in Drug Discovery for Analysis of Immune Cell Infiltration. In: Moll, J., Carotta, S. (eds) Target Identification and Validation in Drug Discovery. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1953. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9145-7_10
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