Skip to main content

Detection of Nascent RNA Transcripts by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

  • Protocol
  • First Online:
Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH)

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 659))

Abstract

The development of cellular diversity within any organism depends on the timely and correct expression of differing subsets of genes within each tissue type. Many techniques exist which allow a global, average analysis of RNA expression; however, RNA-FISH permits the sensitive detection of specific transcripts within individual cells while preserving the cellular morphology. The technique can provide insight into the spatial and temporal organization of gene transcription as well the relationship of gene expression and mature RNA distribution to nuclear and cellular compartments. It can also reveal the intercellular variation of gene expression within a given tissue. Here, we describe RNA-FISH methodologies that allow the detection of nascent transcripts within the cell nucleus as well as protocols that allow the detection of RNA alongside DNA or proteins. Such techniques allow the placing of gene transcription within a functional context of the whole cell.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Protocol
USD 49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Hargrave, M., Bowles, J., and Koopman, P. (2006) In situ hybridization of whole-mount embryos. Methods Mol Biol 326, 103–113.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Asp, J., Abramsson, A., and Betsholtz, C. (2006) Nonradioactive in situ hybridization on frozen sections and whole mounts. Methods Mol Biol 326, 89–102.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Iborra, F. J., Pombo, A., Jackson, D. A., and Cook, P. R. (1996) Active RNA polymerases are localized within discrete transcription ‘factories’ in human nuclei. J Cell Sci 109, 1427–1436.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. LeMaire, M. F., and Thummel, C. S. (1990) Splicing precedes polyadenylation during Drosophila E74A transcription. Mol Cell Biol 10, 6059–6063.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Beyer, A. L., and Osheim, Y. N. (1988) Splice site selection, rate of splicing, and alternative splicing on nascent transcripts. Genes Dev 2, 754–765.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Dirks, R. W., Daniel, K. C., and Raap, A. K. (1995) RNAs radiate from gene to cytoplasm as revealed by fluorescence in situ hybridization. J Cell Sci 108, 2565–2572.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Xing, Y., Johnson, C. V., Dobner, P. R., and Lawrence, J. B. (1993) Higher level organization of individual gene transcription and RNA splicing. Science 259, 1326–1330.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Xing, Y., and Lawrence, J. B. (1993) Nuclear RNA tracks: structural basis for transcription and splicing? Trends Cell Biol 3, 346–353.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Johnson, C., Primorac, D., McKinstry, M., McNeil, J., Rowe, D., and Lawrence, J. B. (2000) Tracking COL1A1 RNA in osteogenesis imperfecta: splice-defective transcripts initiate transport from the gene but are retained within the SC35 domain. J Cell Biol 150, 417–432.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Dirks, R. W., van de Rijke, F. M., Fujishita, S., van der Ploeg, M., and Raap, A. K. (1993) Methodologies for specific intron and exon RNA localization in cultured cells by haptenized and fluorochromized probes. J Cell Sci 104, 1187–1197.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Dirks, R. W. (1996) RNA molecules lighting up under the microscope. Histochem Cell Biol 106, 151–166.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. van Raamsdonk, C. D., and Tilghman, S. M. (2001) Optimizing the detection of nascent transcripts by RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization. Nucleic Acids Res 29, E42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Takizawa, T., Gudla, P. R., Guo, L., Lockett, S., and Misteli, T. (2008) Allele-specific nuclear positioning of the monoallelically expressed astrocyte marker GFAP. Genes Dev 22, 489–498.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Chess, A., Simon, I., Cedar, H., and Axel, R. (1994) Allelic inactivation regulates olfactory receptor gene expression. Cell 78, 823–834.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Brown, J. M., Leach, J., Reittie, J. E., Atzberger, A., Lee-Prudhoe, J., Wood, W. G., Higgs, D. R., Iborra, F. J., and Buckle, V. J. (2006) Coregulated human globin genes are frequently in spatial proximity when active. J Cell Biol 172, 177–187.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Shopland, L. S., Johnson, C. V., Byron, M., McNeil, J., and Lawrence, J. B. (2003) Clustering of multiple specific genes and gene-rich R-bands around SC-35 domains: evidence for local euchromatic neighborhoods. J Cell Biol 162, 981–990.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Brown, J. M., Green, J., Pires das Neves, R., Wallace, H. A. C., Smith, A. J. H., Hughes, J., Gray, N., Taylor, S., Wood, W. G., Higgs, D. R., Iborra, F. J., and Buckle, V. J. (2008) Association between active genes occurs at nuclear speckles and is modulated by chromatin environment. J Cell Biol 182, 1083–1097

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Levsky, J. M., Shenoy, S. M., Pezo, R. C., and Singer, R. H. (2002) Single-cell gene expression profiling. Science 297, 836–840.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Capodieci, P., Donovan, M., Buchinsky, H., Jeffers, Y., Cordon-Cardo, C., Gerald, W., Edelson, J., Shenoy, S. M., and Singer, R. H. (2005) Gene expression profiling in single cells within tissue. Nat Methods 2, 663–665.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Chubb, J. R., Trcek, T., Shenoy, S. M., and Singer, R. H. (2006) Transcriptional pulsing of a developmental gene. Curr Biol 16, 1018–1025.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Levsky, J. M., Shenoy, S. M., Chubb, J. R., Hall, C. B., Capodieci, P., and Singer, R. H. (2007) The spatial order of transcription in mammalian cells. J Cell Biochem 102, 609–617.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Tumbar, T., Sudlow, G., and Belmont, A. S. (1999) Large-scale chromatin unfolding and remodeling induced by VP16 acidic activation domain. J Cell Biol 145, 1341–1354.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Dietzel, S., Zolghadr, K., Hepperger, C., and Belmont, A. S. (2004) Differential large-scale chromatin compaction and intranuclear positioning of transcribed versus non-transcribed transgene arrays containing beta-globin regulatory sequences. J Cell Sci 117, 4603–4614.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Binnie, A., Castelo-Branco, P., Monks, J., and Proudfoot, N. J. (2006) Homologous gene sequences mediate transcription-domain formation. J Cell Sci 119, 3876–3887.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Dirks, R. W., Van Gijlswijk, R. P., Vooijs, M. A., Smit, A. B., Bogerd, J., van Minnen, J., Raap, A. K., and Van der Ploeg, M. (1991) 3′-end fluorochromized and haptenized oligonucleotides as in situ hybridization probes for multiple, simultaneous RNA detection. Exp Cell Res 194, 310–315.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Lawrence, J. B., Taneja, K., and Singer, R. H. (1989) Temporal resolution and sequential expression of muscle-specific genes revealed by in situ hybridization. Dev Biol 133, 235–246.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Trembleau, A., and Bloom, F. E. (1995) Enhanced sensitivity for light and electron microscopic in situ hybridization with multiple simultaneous non-radioactive oligodeoxynucleotide probes. J Histochem Cytochem 43, 829–841.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Spector, D. L., Goldman, R. D., and Leinwand, L. (Ed) (1998) Cells: A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Thomsen, R., Nielsen, P. S., and Jensen, T. H. (2005) Dramatically improved RNA in situ hybridization signals using LNA-modified probes. RNA 11, 1745–1748.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Chaumeil, J., Okamoto, I., and Heard, E. (2004) X-chromosome inactivation in mouse embryonic stem cells: analysis of histone modifications and transcriptional activity using immunofluorescence and FISH. Methods Enzymol 376, 405–419.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. van de Corput, M. P., and Grosveld, F. G. (2001) Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of transcript dynamics in cells. Methods 25, 111–118.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We thank the Grosveld Lab in Rotterdam, particularly Peter Fraser, Joost Gribnau, Tolleiv Trimborn, and Mark Wijgerde for initial support with setting up RNA-FISH as a technique in our laboratory. We thank Jackie Sloane-Stanley and Sue Butler for provision of cells. Our work is funded by the Medical Research Council.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jill M. Brown .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this protocol

Cite this protocol

Brown, J.M., Buckle, V.J. (2010). Detection of Nascent RNA Transcripts by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization. In: Bridger, J., Volpi, E. (eds) Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH). Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 659. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-789-1_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-789-1_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-60761-788-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-60761-789-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics