Background

The purpose of the National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence in Pulmonary Fibrosis (CRE-PF) is to improve and extend the lives of patients living with pulmonary fibrosis through the development of a comprehensive and integrated program of basic and clinical research and education across Australia.

A key objective was establishment of a national training scheme for respiratory researchers. The CRE-PF vision was to train early-career researchers (ECRs), known in our program as CREATE (CRE Advanced Training Environment) Fellows, to contribute to the research workforce. This would be achieved by building and translating knowledge from bench-to-bedside with a focus on the prevention of end-stage fibrotic lung disease and the development of new treatments to improve the health of Australians affected by pulmonary fibrosis. CREATE ECRs are broadly drawn from two main fields of researchers: clinicians and scientists, where clinicians tend to be involved in part-time translational research and scientists are involved in broad scientific research including laboratory or genetic research, health economics or population research.

Clinician researchers represent a unique niche in health and medicine, bridging the gap between scientific discovery and patient care [1, 2]; and, although very highly valued, clinical researchers are unfortunately increasingly rare [3]. At the same time, science postdoctoral fellows are often inadequately linked to clinical colleagues, meaning that the “relevance” of their work may be seen as obscure to practising physicians and indeed the public [4]. Health and medical research needs composite teams of clinical and non-clinical researchers to enable continued progress [2].

In recent times it has been recognised that there needs to be more emphasis on holistic researcher development [5]. Conventional training for researchers in (STEMM) disciplines in Australia and internationally, has been found wanting [6, 7]. Publishing and disseminating research results, building networks at scientific conferences, and securing grant funding are the components that have been found to contribute to a successful track record and ability to attract grant funding [8].

The aim of the innovative CREATE training scheme has been to expand “conventional” training for emerging leaders by including key aspects of career development through both experiential and theoretical learning and by providing opportunities to broaden their networks within the field and build their research track record. A successful postdoctoral culture needs to provide ECRs with both productivity skills and a broader “village” that becomes their supportive framework [9]. It also needs to teach ECRs not only research methodology, how to do research but also how to build the track record necessary for a research career [10]. Focus of the evidence-based CREATE program has included provision of recommended initiatives including funding opportunities for ECRs [11], multi-faceted professional development [12] and fostering of the supportive framework ECRs need to thrive [9]. The program encompasses establishing collaborations to ensure translational relevance; connecting to the commercial research environment; strategic publishing; communication with diverse audiences including policy makers and the public; budget management; expanding networks; seeking research funding and a structured mentoring element. In expanding the training available for these ECRs and providing mentoring and collaborative opportunities, our program aims to develop a generation of ECRs who will ultimately teach and mentor succeeding generations of investigators.

There have been many academic development lessons learned in the process of establishing the CREATE program. Through establishing and refining this program, our experience supports recent recognition of the importance of continual engagement between ECRs and other stakeholders, responding flexibly to the needs of ECRs, leveraging funding and providing support to build networks and professional skills.

Methods

The CREATE Program has been developed across multiple platforms, including provision of funding opportunities, professional development activities and network building. Key to its success has been the wide-ranging collaborative support of the peak bodies in respiratory health, Lung Foundation Australia (LFA) and Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand (TSANZ). All aspects are overseen by the Program Advisory Committee (PAC) which ensures the CREATE program objectives are met, reviews the budget to determine activities we are able to support, and considers ways to leverage additional funding. The PAC has evolved to comprise key opinion leaders (two CRE-PF steering committee members, two ECR representatives (one clinical and one scientist), two mentor representatives with special interest in academic development (at different career stages), and management/administrative support. The PAC meets at least quarterly with ad hoc meetings as required.

CREATE was launched in 2017 with 10 ECRs, and numbers have grown rapidly. To date CREATE has 30 ECRs, 19 PhD students and 11 postdoctoral researchers. Of these 16 are medical practitioners involved in research, five others are clinician researchers in physiotherapy or psychology; the remaining eight are scientists. Each ECR has a multi-member supervisory team and, separately, most have a CREATE mentor.

CREATE ECRs must be engaged in pulmonary fibrosis research and be no more than 10 years postdoctoral (adjusted for career disruption). Prospective CREATE ECRs may be put forward by Investigators of the CRE-PF, or other leaders in pulmonary fibrosis research; applications are reviewed by the PAC. Almost all who started in the CREATE program have stayed active within it. In four years, six PhD students have finished their studies; all except one who has left research and another who has become a full-time clinician, and all postdocs, have continued within the program as CREATE Fellows. One ECR has moved beyond eligibility (as determined by years postdoctoral), electing to stay within the program as an alumna available to assist new ECRs.

Activities undertaken to fulfil the aims of the CREATE Program, outcomes of these aims and lessons learned to date are detailed below, within Results.

Results

Provision of funding opportunities

Funding for ECRs in medical research in Australia is highly competitive [13]. The CREATE program has sought to offer a range of funding opportunities to encourage participation of ECRs in pulmonary fibrosis research, boost research output and help develop competitive research track records. This has included funding scholarships and fellowships, travel grants and prizes for achievement detailed below. It has become clear that even minor funding investments make a very welcome difference to these ECRs; we have partnered with LFA and industry to leverage and expand the pool of available funding.

Stipends and fellowships

Attracting and retaining ECRs to the field of pulmonary fibrosis research, is integral to the CRE-PF. To this end, funding for PhD scholarships and fellowships for postdoctoral researchers were included in the successful CRE-PF grant application. The budget awarded included funding for four, three-year PhD scholarships and partial funding for three postdoctoral fellowships over two or three years for positions under the supervision of CRE-PF investigators. The initial funding was successfully extended with matching funding from the students’ institutions or by encouraging recipients to apply for their own funding once they had some initial results, thus strengthening their CVs and building their track records.

Additional monies have been secured through philanthropic donations and industry contributions received via the CRE-PF’s collaborative partner LFA. Ultimately the initial funding became ten PhD scholarships and five postdoctoral fellowships over the first four years of the program, with applications for new scholarships independently reviewed with the assistance of TSANZ. Other CREATE ECRs joined the program with funding already secured from external sources. Working closely with partners and active fundraising have helped the program to extend stipend and fellowship support to a growing number of ECRs. In 2022 the CRE-PF expects to offer two new Fellowships for CREATE ECRs to continue their research careers after completion of PhDs.

Travel scholarships

Access to funding for travel and conferences is typically difficult for ECRs [11], despite conference attendance being of known importance to career development [8]. Each CREATE ECR has been offered the opportunity of competitive travel scholarships to cover the costs of travel for professional development. This funding could be used for meeting attendance (including registration), or for travel to spend time with collaborators or mentors to develop skills and networks. Funding is prioritised for PhD students to encourage attendance at research meetings or for short-term international placements.

To date, 13 travel grants have been awarded; 11 for Australian conference attendance and two for travel overseas. When travel was prohibited by the COVID-19 pandemic, funding which had been allocated for travel was re-purposed for collaboration grants which are described below.

Collaboration Grants

In addition to the challenges posed by the general shortage of research funding, ECRs often feel they face barriers to collaboration or conducting interdisciplinary research. Barriers to collaboration include poor researcher connectivity; time constraints and physical distance; different terminology between disciplines; hierarchy; and competition [14]. In 2020 and 2021, grants-in-aid were offered to specifically support new collaborations for pulmonary fibrosis research amongst CREATE ECRs from two or more institutions. These collaborative grants were offered to develop experience in building collaborations, share Australian pulmonary fibrosis resources and promote pulmonary fibrosis research opportunities within Australia. These small grants offered funding for travel or consumables or other initial project costs to break down these barriers and aid in the establishment of investigator-led research for ECRs only. Research funding in Australia is extremely competitive; short-term contracts and the ever-present need to apply for grants leads to uncertain futures for ECRs in research and high job insecurity [6, 15]. In most research funding schemes, ECRs must compete with more senior researchers in funding schemes with a low success rate, so it is vital for them to build a strong track record as soon as possible [8, 11, 16]. CREATE grants were awarded expecting that this initial research would provide essential track record and preliminary findings to increase the chance of success for applications to national funding schemes.

Multiple applications were received for each round; one grant was awarded for the 2020 round, then two grants in 2021. Table 1 shows the 2020 grant-in-aid established a collaboration for two researchers from different Melbourne institutions; the two successful 2021 grants respectively brought together four applicants from three states and three applicants from three different institutions in one city.

Table 1 CREATE ECR collaborations funded through CREATE Grants-in-Aid
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Poster prizes

Conference poster presentations are a common way of communicating research, building profiles and adding to research track records for ECRs in many scientific and health-related disciplines. Preparation and presentation of a poster is complex, and involves far more than formatting issues and juggling images and text; it provides a way of learning to communicate research well and is part of academic apprenticeship in many health disciplines [17]. Special poster prizes have been offered for CREATE ECRs as a means of encouraging them to do more than simply attend key meetings. Instead, they have actively disseminated and promoted their research, and research excellence has been recognised. Although small, these prizes for CREATE ECRs have been awarded within and alongside the usual poster award schemes at key research meetings. Three such prizes have been offered with two to come in 2021. In each case the CREATE prizes have successfully drawn attention to both the CREATE program and to the work of the individual researchers.

Professional development and fostering a supportive network

Bringing people together, whether only CREATE ECRs or ECRs along with their more senior colleagues, has been a key strategic goal for this group. CREATE has worked within a limited budget to increasingly prioritise this as the program has developed. Professional development and networking opportunities as recommended by specialists in academic development [9, 12, 18] and those with a particular interest in ECRs in health and medical research [19, 20] have been offered in via a mentoring program, conferences and symposia, presentation opportunities, and on-line training, as described below.

Mentoring program

Although unquestionably of great value [21, 22], mentoring (as opposed to supervision by one’s immediate superiors) is not available to all ECRs and formal mentoring programs within institutions are uncommon [6, 23]. The Franklin Women Mentoring Program, which began in 2017, was the first cross-institutional program structured mentoring program to be delivered in the health and medical research sector in Australia [24]. An important and innovative aspect of the CREATE program is its mentoring system that facilitates career development. Each CREATE ECR is offered the opportunity to engage with a mentor from a different institution. The mentors are drawn from the network of CRE-PF researchers and provide the ECRs with supportive advice, honest and unbiased feedback on issues relating to their professional development. Thus, this mentorship does not conflict with the important role of the research supervisor, while expanding existing support offered to ECRs at their own Institution and laboratory group.

Initially the mentoring program was relatively unstructured outside of mentee-mentor matching. Feedback from the group indicated that a guided structure was needed to facilitate productive mentoring relationships. In response to this feedback, our approach developed such that mentees are encouraged to meet monthly with their mentors over a twelve-month period to assess development needs, discuss challenges and opportunities. Guides for both mentors and mentees have been developed as well as a suggested meeting timetable with circulation of reminders, agenda and a list of suitable topics for discussion which address commonly identified areas of need.

In addition to these regular phone or video calls, it has been encouraged that the mentor-mentee pair would typically meet in person once or twice per year at CREATE networking events held in association with major discipline meetings. Unfortunately, this was not possible in 2020-2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic.

In 2021, there were 18 active mentor pairs. An additional five mentoring relationships had formally finished (although they may, of course, continue by mutual agreement). Feedback on the program, regularly sought by email from both mentees and mentors, has overall been very positive. For example, in early 2021, 88% of mentee and mentor email respondents indicated they were satisfied or very satisfied with their CREATE mentoring experience.

Mentees who engaged with their mentors have found the experience very beneficial, as exemplified by the comments below:

I will definitely keep in touch MENTOR. You have definitely given me some pearls of wisdom that still ring in the back of my head when I am writing

I am very happy with this mentoring program

Early lessons learned from the mentoring program showed that it was best not to ask for suggestions from the mentees for their mentors, as mentors with the highest profile were over-selected. Instead it was found it was best to allocate mentors, carefully matching mentees with mentors, of any gender, from different organisations and research areas, following the example of Franklin Women [24]. Initially, mentees were often shy about making initial contact, as has been experienced elsewhere [23]. Unfortunately, early in the program some did not take advantage of the opportunity, whether because they were “too busy”, fearful of intruding on the mentor’s time or because they simply did not know how to go about the process. Consequently, the process has been modified to include tighter and more prescriptive recommendations for meeting formats and timing, and initiation of regular meeting reminders to mentee-mentor pairs.

Networking gatherings/Symposia

To achieve the CREATE objectives, certain activities have been held in conjunction with regular key meetings in the field. CREATE symposia have included dinners, a breakfast meeting and poster presentations judged by respected international researchers.

Consistent with recommendations regarding the benefit of a range of networking activities with peers and with senior researchers [19, 20] these CREATE Symposia have provided the ECRs with the opportunity to meet, share ideas and showcase their work and have offered the opportunity for all involved in the CRE-PF network to meet with informal time for discussion. CREATE ECRs have also had the opportunity to meet international leaders in pulmonary fibrosis research attending the larger meeting. International leaders have taken active part in the CREATE proceedings, whether giving talks or judging posters. The CREATE budget has also contributed to travel costs for leading international researchers to come to the meetings and spend valuable face-to face time with the ECRs.

Virtual research meetings

Face to face symposia were not possible in 2020 and early 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with postponement or cancellation of the in-person components of all relevant respiratory medicine and science conferences. To promote ECR research and facilitate collaboration in the absence of in-person meetings, in mid-2020 CREATE established monthly hour-long virtual research presentations, open to all involved in pulmonary fibrosis research or treatment across Australasia. To date, virtual research meetings have been hosted by research teams from seven universities across Australia. Each key presentation has been made by a CREATE ECR, introduced by their team leader who has described their team’s overall research program. Attendance has been excellent (usually 25-30 participants); sessions have been recorded and are maintained as educational resources for the research community.

WhatsApp group

A CREATE WhatsApp group was established during 2019, for all CREATE ECRs, CRE-PF investigators and CREATE mentors. This replaced a Facebook group once it became apparent that this was not a preferred way for the group to connect. The WhatsApp group is a platform to share pulmonary fibrosis research news, promote relevant opportunities and successes, raise questions and seek advice, as well as to foster a sense of belonging to a network. Engagement in this group has been strong, with over 400 posts from more than 20 group members describing newsworthy research, sharing exciting presentations at research meetings and celebrating winners of awards, offering support and encouragement to the community during difficult times and sharing simple good wishes to the team. The WhatsApp group has facilitated a high level of worthwhile information exchange and fostered group connection among ECRs and between ECRs and more senior researchers (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1
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Two Examples of WhatsApp Group Messages

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CREATE researcher development in pulmonary fibrosis weekend

A residential Researcher Development weekend was planned for 2020, to bring together all CREATE ECRs and their mentors from across Australia. Sponsorship was secured from a number of industry sources. Unfortunately, despite the enthusiastic response from prospective attendees, this weekend was postponed due to COVID-19. The CRE-PF has had to be flexible with the ever-changing situation. Feedback from the group indicated a strong desire to wait and hold an in-person event, now planned for November 2021. The weekend will offer intensive researcher development on topics recommended by organisations such as Vitae in the UK [25, 26] and the Council of Graduate Schools in the USA [19]. This will include educational and upskilling sessions on topics selected by the ECRs as their areas of need, along with networking and collaboration building opportunities; and team building experiences. With generous support from industry, all costs for the ECRs will be covered, removing financial barriers to participation. See program overview in Supplementary table.

Online learning

Early in the CREATE program, a series of online modules was developed and made available through a secure section of the CREATE website. These modules were designed to offer generic management training on a range of topics identified as specific ECR needs and can be completed at any time. The CREATE online modules shown in Table 2 were designed to enhance and complement the training and guidance our ECRs received locally.

Table 2 Online Learning Modules for CREATE ECRs
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Uptake of the modules has been disappointing. Unfortunately, this is consistent with research which shows the failure of ECRs in STEMM disciplines to take up training opportunities [6, 27]. It seems the value of such training is often under appreciated by ECRs and taking worktime for training is not encouraged by their superiors. In response to the poor uptake of modules, the CREATE training focus has moved away from on-line learning and towards provision of more presentation opportunities, networking, mentoring and other professional development. The modules remain accessible to CREATE ECRs to complete on demand.

Discussion

Achievements

The CREATE program continues to evolve to meet the needs of emerging pulmonary fibrosis researchers and to encourage engagement. The team is aiming to establish it as a sustainable model which will continue beyond the life of the CRE-PF funding. Feedback has been regularly sought from CREATE ECRs and others involved in the program (for example, mentors). Concerns have been addressed as they have been raised, with a flexible, evidence-based approach to building capacity in the field of pulmonary fibrosis research.

The CREATE program has guided the development of the supported researchers, thus making a major contribution to the future of pulmonary fibrosis research in Australia. During the life of the program, CREATE ECRs have been active in a range of activities important for their research careers. Some of these achievements reported by CREATE ECRs are summarised in Table 3 below.

Table 3 Pulmonary Fibrosis Research-related Achievements of 17 CREATE ECRs 2017-2021a
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Table 3 shows that of the 17 ECRs who responded to the request for information about their research outcomes, there have been considerable important research-related achievements by which successful research is generally measured. CREATE ECR achievements include 61 manuscripts where ECRs are named as first author or last author, 68 oral research presentations and 72 poster presentations. Contributions to the research community, as measured by membership of CRE-PF and other work-related committees, is also pleasing as it indicates both involvement and broadening of networks.

As described above in Table 3, collaboration between CREATE ECRs and between ECRs and the CRE-PF network of researchers has been actively encouraged. It is too early for published outcomes from these collaborations between ECRs, however collaborative work is underway and in each case the researchers are working towards publishable outcomes and submission of larger grant applications for their projects. CREATE ECR collaborations with other CRE-PF researchers have also been fruitful and have resulted in multiple publications. To date the work of CRE-PF investigators has produced 210 publications, at least 92 of which include one or more CREATE ECRs as an author, and there are many more yet to come.

Challenges

Through the development of this program, difficulties have been posed by the diversity of the group, funding limitations, very busy schedules and the COVID-19 pandemic. The CREATE ECR group, made up of clinicians (respiratory physicians, physiotherapists and a clinical psychologist), basic scientists and epidemiologist/health economists are drawn from across Australia and from a wide range of sub-specialties. Most did not know one another or many of the CRE-PF investigators, and it has been hard to develop an identity as a cohesive group with a common purpose. In response to this challenge, we have flexibly expanded and persisted with CREATE group activities to bring ECRs together in various forums, including conference symposia and events, virtual research meetings and a WhatsApp group. Limited funding under the original CRE-PF grant necessarily constrained the activities CREATE was able to support. Leveraging funding through partnerships with other organisations and creativity in designing activities has enabled CREATE to extend and expand offerings. We have also pursued low cost but high impact activities such as modest collaboration grants which support multiple ECRs at once, conference prizes, virtual research meetings over zoom (to which we have free institutional access) and using WhatsApp to bring the group together. The very busy schedules of the both the ECRs and the CRE-PF investigators, plus the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, have resulted in fewer opportunities to bring everyone together. Our approach has been also to respond flexibly to this by finding different ways to communicate and network, seeking and responding to group feedback.

Goal and plan for sustainability

The goal is that in the future CREATE will have sufficient funding to continue to offer grants and scholarships/stipends, along with professional development activities including bringing CREATE ECRs together for regular networking, facilitation of Industry engagement, for development of novel funding streams and collaboration building opportunities. It is clear there are many benefits to be gained by facilitating collaborative research within the wider CRE-PF network.

Funding is being targeted from a range of government and industry sources, often with the collaborative assistance of peak bodies LFA and TSANZ. In order to maintain the CREATE program into the future the CRE-PF has successfully sought industry sponsorship. Further funding for CREATE will be included in future grant applications for the CRE-PF.

Conclusion

The CREATE Program has achieved its aim of establishing a national training scheme for respiratory researchers. In spite of a very limited budget, wide geographic distribution of participants and the multi-disciplinary nature of the cohort, we have succeeded in providing a unique, supportive academic development environment for CREATE ECRs. The willing involvement of all participants, whether senior investigators or brand-new PhD students, has provided great encouragement to these ECRs in a safe and supportive environment.

It has been important for the CREATE program to adopt a flexible and responsive approach to developing these emerging researchers at a critical time in their careers. The program provides funding and professional development opportunities within a supportive and collaborative group environment. At the completion of their training, within their institutions and from the CREATE program, all the CREATE ECRs will have an enhanced skillset which sets them up for success and longevity as a pulmonary fibrosis researcher. The CREATE program equips ECRs to effectively communicate with the scientific community and general public; work effectively and efficiently within team environments; write successful grant applications; establish and effectively lead a research group; and understand the ethical and funding framework for health research in Australia. Should they stay within the CREATE umbrella, they will gain additional skills to effectively mentor the next generation of translational scientists. The extensive research achievements to date of the CREATE ECRs as a group provide ample evidence of the benefits of the funding, mentoring and development events which have been made available to them within the program.

In the process of developing this program, there have been many lessons learned which are transferrable to other academic disciplines. In order for this type of program to succeed, we have found that it is critical to leverage and strategically distribute funding, seek and respond to feedback from the participants you are aiming to support, be flexible and nimble in response to changing international circumstances and group needs and to invest resources into building networks to support ECRs into the future.