Background

Cholecystectomy is the most common surgical procedure for patients with symptomatic cholecystolithiasis. Currently, minimally invasive surgery, either laparoscopic or robot-assisted, is the standard approach. Unfortunately, in some patients symptoms, such as abdominal pain and dyspepsia might persist after surgery, which has been defined as the post cholecystectomy syndrome (PCS) [1]. A remnant cystic duct, defined as a residual duct longer than 1 cm, could be one of the causes of PCS, although the true incidence is uncertain [2]. Treatment depends on the severity of symptoms and a resection of the remnant cystic duct is occasionally performed. Especially during laparoscopic or robot-assisted surgery, inflammation and dense adhesions hamper good visualization of the remnant cystic duct. This could result in serious complications, such as bile duct injury (BDI) [3, 4]. Today, no well-established, non-invasive and non-hazardous imaging techniques are available to guide the surgeon intraoperatively during such interventions. Intraoperative radiographic cholangiography (IOC) is sometimes used for bile duct visualization. However, especially in case of post cholecystectomy syndrome, it is difficult to navigate and to cannulate the common bile duct (CBD). Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging, is a new technique that has recently been evaluated during open and minimally invasive surgery [5]. In general, a fluorophore is excited and detected by specialized NIR fluorescence camera systems, in order to visualize the tissue of interest. The fluorophore indocyanine green (ICG), which is rapidly cleared by the liver after intravenous (IV) injection, has been extensively used for visualization of the bile ducts and many other applications [6]. In this case report, we describe the feasibility of NIR fluorescence imaging using ICG for visualization of the remnant cystic duct during robot-assisted surgery. This case report was described according to the SCARE guidelines [7].

Case presentation

A 36-year old woman presented with an acute biliary pancreatitis at a peripheral hospital, after which a laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed. One year later, she developed several episodes of acute onsets of abdominal pain, which were caused by biliary pancreatitis. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) revealed a high suspicion on presence of small bile stones in the remnant cystic duct. Although, Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreaticography (MRCP) did not show either an evident remnant biliary duct or presence of bile stones in either the remnant cystic duct or CBD, which could be explained by the limited image quality due to artefacts. Moreover, it has been shown that MRCP has a 93% sensitivity for detection of bile stones [8]. The a priori probability on presence of CBD stones was assessed as low, as no biochemical evidence of post hepatic obstruction (elevated bilirubin) was present. Based on this, patient was referred to an university hospital to investigate the possibility to remove the bile stones in the remnant cystic duct either endoscopically or surgically., Given the clinical symptoms, the findings at EUS (length of remnant cystic duct and suspicion on small bile stones in remnant cystic duct) and MRCP, the patient opted for a definitive therapeutic approach (surgical resection of remnant cystic duct) instead of another diagnostic modality (endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography), although this could have had therapeutic implications. Consequently, the case was discussed at the hepatopancreaticobiliary (HPB) multidisciplinary team meeting and a robot-assisted surgical resection of the remnant cystic duct under NIR fluorescence guidance using ICG was proposed. After screening for contraindications for the use of ICG (impaired kidney function, hypo/hyperthyroidism, pregnancy, and allergy for iodine), the patients provided informed consent for the use of ICG NIR fluorescence imaging.

After induction of general anaesthesia, 5 mg (2.5 mg/ml) of ICG was injected IV in order to visualize the biliary ducts. The patient was positioned in reverse Trendelenburg, and a small incision was made for introduction of 12 mm trocar at the umbilicus. Consequently, four additional robot trocars (8 mm) were placed under direct visualization. After docking, one experienced HPB surgeon and one surgical resident started the surgical procedure with exploration of the hepatoduodenal ligament until the liver hilum (Fig. 1). Using the Da Vinci Xi (Intuitive Surgical Inc., Sunnyvale, USA) fluorescence camera (Firefly™), the liver and CBD could be easily visualized, around 30 min. After IV injection of ICG. After adhesiolysis, the fluorescent remnant cystic duct and the non-fluorescent cystic artery were identified, also confirmed by the placed metal clips during the previous operation (Fig. 2). Using an additional IV injection of 2.5 mg ICG, the right hepatic artery and remnant cystic artery were confirmed with the Firefly™ (Fig. 3; Additional file 1). Resection of both the remnant cystic duct and artery was performed under fluorescence guidance. During resection of the cystic duct, some pus was relieved, indicating an infected state of the duct. The stump was controlled by double hemoclips. No gallstones were seen during surgery, which was confirmed ex vivo. Final pathology revealed presence of chronic and fibrosing inflammation in the remnant cystic duct. There were no complications during the procedure, which lasted 1 h and 35 min. The patient was checked postoperatively for jaundice, colic pain, and biochemically and none was present in the recovery period. The patient was discharged the same day and has not experienced similar symptoms as before during the first month of the follow-up.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Representative color and fluorescence image with an overview of the liver hilum after some adhesiolysis. Insets showed more detailed view of the remnant cystic and common bile duct, which was folded up in the liver hilum

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Fig. 2
figure 2

Color and fluorescence image of the remnant cystic duct and artery after dissection and detaching of the adhesions. Abbreviations: CA: cystic artery; CD: (remnant) cystic duct; CBD: common bile duct

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Fig. 3
figure 3

Confirmation of the arterial vasculature (remnant cystic artery and right hepatic artery) after injection of an extra bolus indocyanine green. Abbreviations: CA: cystic artery; CD: (remnant) cystic duct; CBD: common bile duct; RHA: right hepatic artery

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Additional file 1: Injection of an extra bolus indocyanine green to confirm arterial vasculature. (MP4 78356 kb)

Discussion and conclusions

A case report of a patient with a symptomatic remnant cystic duct, who underwent robot-assisted resection under fluorescence guidance, is presented. Good visualization of the remnant cystic duct and CBD was achieved by NIR fluorescence imaging using ICG, which helped to identify both structures and thereby resulting in an easier and safer surgical procedure. Intraoperative identification of a symptomatic cystic remnant duct can be challenging. Adhesions and inflammation could hamper visualization during surgery. As a consequence, BDI could occur, which is a complication with high mortality [9]. During surgery, no bile stones were visualized, although the resected specimen showed presence of chronic inflammation, which could indicate that a obstructing bile stone could have been located in the remnant cystic duct for a certain period of time.

Intraoperative assessment of the biliary ducts can be performed by different imaging techniques, of which IOC has been studied the most. However, the benefit of using IOC has not been proven in randomized clinical trials (RCTs), as level 1 evidence is low and all trials were insufficiently powered [10, 11]. Moreover, IOC is an invasive and time-consuming technique, and also involves the use of ionizing radiation [11, 12]. It could also cause BDI by itself, as insertion of a cannula for injection of contrast agents is necessary [13]. Compared to IOC, NIR fluorescence imaging of the biliary ducts using ICG does not prolong the operating time significantly, and could potentially decrease the operation time in difficult procedures, because of easy and fast detection of the biliary tract [14]. Currently, an ongoing international RCT is comparing the operation time of the procedure with and without the use of ICG fluorescence [15]. Furthermore, it is a non-hazardous and non-invasive technique, as it does not require use of radiation and cannot cause BDI [16]. Recently, a randomized controlled trial showed superiority of NIR fluorescence imaging with respect to standard white light conditions for detection of extrahepatic bile ducts during laparoscopic surgery [17]. Moreover, they showed encouraging results in their patient cohort of 639 patients (2 BDI in white light conditions vs. no BDI in de NIR fluorescence patient group) although due to low incidence of BDI, it is difficult to prove statistically significant differences between the two conditions. However, there are some limitations of this technique, such as the inability to detect bile stones and the limited penetration depth of NIR light up to 10 mm [5, 18].

Optimal injection times of ICG are still under discussion, although a systematic review showed that most studies used a preoperative administration, which was therefore recommended [18, 19]. We have shown, that injection of ICG after anesthesia, which was also the procedure in two recent RCTs, was also sufficient to visualize the biliary ducts during the whole procedure (30 min. – 125 min. Post injection) and could be easily implemented in clinical practice as the preparation phase of robotic surgery takes more time than conventional laparoscopy or laparotomy [15, 17]. As shown, the arterial vasculature could also be visualized by an extra IV injection of ICG, to confirm identification before resection.

In conclusion, this case demonstrates the use of NIR fluorescence imaging as a valuable tool for surgical guidance during a robot-assisted procedure of resection of the remnant cystic duct. This technique is safe and can easily be implemented in the surgical procedure. Therefore, we recommend to use ICG NIR fluorescence imaging during difficult robotic surgical procedures of the biliary tract, such as resection of a remnant cystic duct and gallbladder surgery in which inflamed surrounding tissue is expected. Nevertheless, a less invasive approach by using ERCP, remains the first line of treatment for patient with a symptomatic remnant cystic duct and therefore robotic surgery should only be performed in difficult cases.