Background

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), found in a variety of anatomical locations, has a diverse role, and evidence of its presence during migraine attacks has been established [1,2,3,4]. It facilitates the production and secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators, and its role in the pathophysiology of pain is widely recognized [5, 6].

CGRP is a potent microvascular vasodilator with various physiological roles [7]; therefore, specific concerns exist regarding a potential CGRP antagonism associated with hemodynamic or other cardiovascular (CV)-related adverse events (AEs) [8]. CV comorbidities, such as hypertension, and risk of ischemic CV events like stroke, myocardial infarction and heart disease are increased in the migraine population compared with nonmigraine populations [9,10,11,12,13,14]. The relationship between migraine and CV disease is still not fully understood and needs further attention; underlying pathophysiological mechanisms may play a role such as increased vascular vulnerability [8].

Galcanezumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that is approved for the preventive treatment of migraine and the treatment of episodic cluster headache to reduce the frequency of migraine headaches and cluster headache attacks; it potently and selectively binds CGRP preventing its biological activity without blocking the CGRP receptor [15]. Phase 2 and 3 migraine prevention studies showed that galcanezumab reduced monthly migraine headache days and had a favorable short-term safety and tolerability compared with placebo [16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24].

A recent meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of CGRP monoclonal antibodies for the prevention of episodic migraine supported the findings of safety and tolerability of CGRP monoclonal antibodies [25]. The meta-analysis included ten phase 2 and phase 3 clinical trials; four of those trials were galcanezumab studies. The studies included had a duration of up to 6 months, which prompted the authors to question the long-term safety and tolerability of CGRP monoclonal antibodies.

Our objective here is to report integrated safety data compared with placebo for up to 6 months in a large cohort of patients with migraine and to confirm the safety and tolerability profile in patients receiving galcanezumab up to 1 year.

Methods

Study design

Data from three double-blind phase 3 studies (EVOLVE-1 [19], EVOLVE-2 [20], and REGAIN [21]), were integrated and included once-monthly, subcutaneous doses of galcanezumab (120 mg [with an initial loading dose of 240 mg] and 240 mg) compared with placebo (Table 1). Integration of data was justified since all studies were placebo controlled, all used the same randomization ratios of placebo: galcanezumab 120 mg: galcanezumab 240 mg dose-groups (2:1:1), and had comparable study designs. Furthermore, the safety results among the individual studies were consistent.

Table 1 Overview of all clinical studies
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The data for all-galcanezumab exposures from patients treated with 120 mg or 240 mg of galcanezumab in phase 2 and 3 migraine prevention studies which included the 9-month open-label extension phase for REGAIN, the 1-year safety study CGAJ [22], and the 3-month double-blind study CGAB [18] are also presented (Table 1). The all-galcanezumab exposure group is used to compare longer exposure time to galcanezumab to the integrated double-blind studies that exposed patients to galcanezumab for a shorter period. Trial registration information is presented in Table 1.

Participants

The inclusion and exclusion criteria for all studies have been published previously [17,18,19,20,21]. Key exclusion criteria included presence of a medical condition that would preclude study participation including pregnancy, suicidal ideation within the past month, history of substance abuse or dependence in the past year, lifetime history of stroke (REGAIN and EVOLVE-2) or within 6 months of screening (CGAB, EVOLVE-1 and CGAJ), and patients at-risk for acute (within 6 months of screening) or serious CV events as judged by the investigator. Patients with other comorbid CV conditions were included.

Patients were categorized into the CV disease risk subgroup “yes” if the patient reported one or more pre-existing or medical history events included in the narrow search terms of the following standard Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA® v.19.1) queries (SMQs): Ischemic heart disease, Hypertension, Cardiac failure, Cardiomyopathy, Ischemic central nervous system vascular conditions, Dyslipidemia, and Hyperglycemia/new onset diabetes mellitus; patients who did not report any of these conditions prior to study randomization were categorized as “no” for CV disease risk group.

Procedures

Each of the studies included objectives to compare the safety and tolerability of galcanezumab with placebo in patients with episodic or chronic migraine using the following measures: treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), serious adverse events (SAEs), discontinuation due to adverse events (DCAE), laboratory measures, temperature, blood pressure (BP), pulse, weight, suicidal ideation/behavior, and electrocardiogram (ECG).

Outcomes

In these studies, an adverse drug reaction (ADR) was identified by the study sponsor as a clinical event reasonably associated with galcanezumab treatment. Using medical judgement, all AEs and numerical safety data were evaluated for a possible causal relationship to galcanezumab exposure. Factors used to determine the list of ADRs included the following: a statistical assessment of the effect via odds ratios and significance, any dose relationship, biologic plausibility, clinical relevance of any individual case (e.g., any available de-challenge/re-challenge information), the severity of the event, the consistency of findings across studies, similar events, and similar compounds.

The assessment of hypersensitivity events was conducted using the Hypersensitivity SMQ. Medical review of each case identified by the SMQ was conducted to determine whether the identified terms represented events that were likely hypersensitivity in nature.

Changes from baseline for continuous laboratory analyses were assessed and included a complete blood cell panel, clinical chemistry, and urinalysis.

Changes in hepatic function were assessed by treatment-emergent (TE) changes in hepatic laboratory measures and defined as any change from a baseline normal (i.e., ≤ 1 times the upper limit of normal [ULN]) to a post-baseline abnormal high. Those tests included alanine aminotransferase or aspartate aminotransferase (either ≥3, 5, or 10 times the ULN); alkaline phosphatase (≥ 2 times ULN), or total bilirubin (≥ 2 times the ULN).

At every office visit, temperature was collected, BP and pulse were measured in triplicate (values were averaged for each visit and recorded as such) in the sitting position prior to blood draws and administration of study drug, and suicidal ideation and behavior was assessed using the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS). The C-SSRS scale captures the occurrence, severity, and frequency of suicide-related thoughts and behaviors during the assessment period [26]. A single, 12-lead digital ECG was collected at baseline and endpoint in the double-blind studies. Weight was collected at baseline and endpoint.

Statistical analysis

Time-at-risk-adjusted incidence rates per 100 patient-years, as well as unadjusted proportions, were calculated for TEAEs, SAEs, and DCAEs except for AEs related to injection sites, as these events mainly occur on the day of injection, a time-at-risk adjustment is not appropriate due to non-constant hazard over time. Treatment comparisons for proportions for categorical data (TEAE, SAE, DCAE, and TE abnormal hepatic laboratory measures, TE ECG findings, vital signs, and C-SSRS) were analyzed using the Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel test stratified by study. Treatment comparisons for time-at-risk-adjusted incidence rates were from likelihood ratio test from a Poisson regression with study and treatment as independent variables and time at risk as offset term. Treatment comparisons in mean change of continuous measures (laboratory measures, quantitative ECG measures, and vital signs) were analyzed using analysis of covariance models containing terms of treatment, study, and baseline measurement (Type III sums of squares).

All analyses were conducted for the safety population (all patients who were randomized and treated with at least one dose of study drug), and results were summarized by patient’s modal treatment group during study period of interest. Statistical comparisons (p-values) were conducted as exploratory without control for multiple testing. The statistical package used was SAS Enterprise Guide 7.0 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC).

Results

Patients demographics and disposition

Integrated double-blind phase 3 studies

The safety population (N = 2886) was an average age of 41.0 years, mostly female (84.5%), white (76.7%), and from North America (67.4%). Baseline characteristics by treatment group are summarized in Table 2. Based on reported medical history obtained prior to study initiation, 17.2 to 18.5% of all patients were identified in the CV disease risk-subgroup designation “yes”. The most common conditions in the CV disease risk group were related to hypertension (placebo = 10.3%, galcanezumab = 7.9%), dyslipidemia (placebo = 9.0%, galcanezumab = 10.2%), and hyperglycemia/new onset diabetes mellitus (placebo = 3.2%, galcanezumab = 2.9%). Patients in these three studies reflected the general population of patients with migraine with regard to demographics, disease characteristics, and comorbid medical conditions [27]. For the REGAIN study, the protocol allowed for up to one third of patients to continue on a stable dose of either topiramate or propranolol for migraine prevention, but only 14.6% of patients randomized were receiving a concomitant medication for migraine prevention; most of those patients received topiramate (10.3%) compared to propranolol (4.3%). Additionally, among patients with chronic migraine in the REGAIN study, 64% met the criteria for medication overuse and medication overuse headache was reported at baseline at similar rates among the treatment groups (placebo = 63.4%, galcanezumab 120 mg = 64.3%, and galcanezumab 240 mg = 64.1%).

Table 2 Baseline patient demographics and disease characteristics of the integrated double-blind studies
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Among all three studies, 89.1% of patients treated with galcanezumab completed double-blind treatment compared with 85.9% of placebo-treated patients. The most frequently reported reasons for discontinuation were patient decision, lost to follow-up, and AEs. No deaths were reported in any of the three studies. A total of 1435 patients were exposed to galcanezumab during the placebo-controlled phase of the three studies, which represented 536.3 patient-years of exposure (galcanezumab 120 mg = 267.7 patient-years and galcanezumab 240 mg = 268.7 patient-years).

All-galcanezumab exposure

The demographics of this population were similar when compared to the integrated double-blind studies population. Across the five studies, a total of 2276 patients were exposed to galcanezumab 120 mg or galcanezumab 240 mg, representing 1416.5 patient-years of exposure. A total of 526 patients were exposed to galcanezumab for a year. Table 1 presents patient disposition for all studies.

Adverse events

An overview of AEs by treatment group is shown in Table 3. The percentages and exposure adjusted incidence rates (EAIR) were higher for the galcanezumab-treated patients in the integrated double-blind studies compared to placebo. However, the EAIR did not increase with longer duration as shown in the all-galcanezumab exposure group. TEAEs that occurred in at least 1.0% of patients in either galcanezumab dose-group and more frequently than in the placebo dose-group during double-blind treatment are presented in Table 4. Injection site pain, injection site reactions excluding injection site pain, constipation, pruritus (not associated with injection site), and vertigo were considered ADRs associated with galcanezumab treatment.

Table 3 Overview of adverse events
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Table 4 Treatment-emergent adverse events with a ≥ 1.0% frequency of occurrence in either galcanezumab dose-group
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Injection site related adverse events

Injection site pain was the most frequently reported of these events. The incidence was similar among treatment groups in the integrated double-blind studies and the all-galcanezumab exposure group (Table 4). Longer exposure to galcanezumab did not increase the frequency of injection site pain reported by galcanezumab-treated patients. Among patients in the integrated double-blind studies who reported injection site pain, regardless of the treatment group, most reported that the events occurred within 60 min of the injection (84.9%), were mild to moderate in severity, occurred on the day of injection, and resolved in less than 3 days (galcanezumab 120 mg = 2.8 days, galcanezumab 240 mg = 2.7 days, and placebo = 2.0 days). Galcanezumab-treated patients in the integrated double-blind studies who reported AEs related to injection sites other than injection site pain (galcanezumab 120 mg = 9.9%, P < 0.001; galcanezumab 240 mg = 14.5%, P < 0.001) did so at a higher rate than those treated with placebo (4.1%).

No SAEs related to injection sites were reported. Seven patients discontinued galcanezumab treatment due to injection site-related AEs (Table 9).

Treatment-emergent adverse events

Constipation, pruritus (not associated with injection site), and vertigo were reported at a higher frequency in the galcanezumab treated patients compared with placebo (Table 4). The galcanezumab 240 mg dose-group was statistically different compared to placebo for these TEAEs (P < 0.05). Most of the constipation and vertigo TEAEs were mild or moderate in severity, while the pruritus TEAEs were mild in severity. No patient discontinued due to these TEAEs. The EAIR of these TEAEs in the all-galcanezumab exposure 120 mg and 240 mg dose-group did not increase with longer treatment compared to integrated double-blind studies. In the patients with chronic migraine, there were no statistically significant differences in common TEAEs (≥1.5% for galcanezumab treatment groups and greater than placebo) reported by patients with or without concurrent prophylaxis use and patients with or without medication overuse (Table 5 and Table 6).

Table 5 Common treatment-emergent adverse events by concurrent prophylaxis use in patients with chronic migraine
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Table 6 Common treatment-emergent adverse events by medication overuse in patients with chronic migraine
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Hypersensitivity

As shown in Table 7, there was a higher frequency of patients in the galcanezumab 120 mg dose-group and galcanezumab 240 mg dose-group reporting a hypersensitivity-related AE compared with placebo. No reports of anaphylaxis occurred. In the galcanezumab-treated patients, the severity of these events were 4.8% mild, 1.1% moderate, and 0.2% severe.

Table 7 Percentage of patients in integrated double-blind studies who experienced a hypersensitivity eventa,b
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Urticaria was a hypersensitivity event that occurred in less than 0.3% of all-galcanezumab- and placebo-treated patients. Two patients reported an SAE of non-immediate urticaria (occurred days after the last injection) during the open-label treatment period of the REGAIN study; neither patient reported other associated symptoms. Owing to the biological plausibility of the association between galcanezumab and these two SAEs, urticaria has been designated as an ADR associated with galcanezumab treatment. Neither of these two patients were positive for TE anti-drug antibodies.

Serious adverse events

Fewer than 2.0% of patients in either galcanezumab dose-group reported SAEs (Table 8); the percentage among placebo-treated patients was 1.0%. A review of all SAEs did not reveal any patterns or notable differences between galcanezumab- and placebo-treated patients, nor between galcanezumab dose-groups (Table 8). Furthermore, the EAIRs for SAEs reported by at least one patient demonstrated no trend of an increase with longer treatment duration (Table 3).

Table 8 Serious adverse events by system organ class that occurred in either galcanezumab dose-groups compared with placebo during double-blind treatment
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There were no SAEs reported more than once with the exception of acute pancreatitis (n = 2), which was reported by one patient in each of the two galcanezumab dose-groups; cholelithiasis was reported by two placebo-treated patients. Regarding the SAEs of pancreatitis, one was in a patient in the galcanezumab 240 mg dose-group. Five days after the first dose of galcanezumab the patient was admitted to the hospital with epigastric pain which had started prior to treatment randomization; lipase was elevated (14,663 units per litre [normal range is 73–393 units per litre]). Ultrasonography showed significant sludge in the gallbladder, and the computed tomography scan was consistent with pancreatitis of the pancreatic tail. The patient was discharged from the hospital, re-admitted twice in the following weeks, and finally underwent an endoscopic sphincterotomy and laparoscopic cholecystectomy, which showed numerous pigmented black gallbladder stones. A likely cause for pancreatitis in this patient was the presence of the gallbladder stones; additionally, this event was confounded by concomitant topiramate use. The patient discontinued from the study. In the opinion of the investigator, the pancreatitis was not related to study drug treatment. The other SAE of pancreatitis was reported by a patient in the galcanezumab 120 mg dose-group. Four days after the second dose of galcanezumab, the patient presented with abdominal pain and was diagnosed with pancreatitis; lipase level was only slightly above the ULN (411 units per litre). The abdominal computed tomography report stated that the patient had ileus of the distal small bowel which could explain the abdominal symptoms, but was not consistent with pancreatitis. A similar incident occurred in this patient previously. The event resolved, and the patient completed both the treatment and post-treatment periods of the study. Again, in the opinion of the investigator, pancreatitis was not related to the treatment with galcanezumab.

Cardiovascular related serious adverse events

CV-related SAEs were reported at a similar frequency by galcanezumab- and placebo-treated patients, and included myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis, and transient ischemic attack (Table 8).

Discontinuations due to adverse events

Although the percentage of DCAEs was not more than 3.0% among all treatment groups, DCAEs were statistically different among galcanezumab 240 mg treated patients compared to placebo (Table 9). AE leading to discontinuation in at least two galcanezumab-treated patients were as follows: worsening of migraine (n = 5), injection site reaction (n = 4), hepatic enzyme increased (n = 2), nasopharyngitis (n = 2), and weight increase (n = 2). The EAIRs for DCAEs demonstrated no trend of an increase with longer treatment duration (Table 3).

Table 9 Adverse events leading to discontinuation of treatment by system organ class that occurred in either galcanezumab dose-groups compared with placebo during double-blind treatment
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Discontinuations due to cardiovascular related adverse events

CV-related AEs leading to discontinuation in placebo-treated patients were myocardial infarction, deep vein thrombosis, and hypertension (Table 9). The specific CV-related AE leading to discontinuation in one galcanezumab-treated patient was transient ischemic attack.

Laboratory assessments including hepatic laboratory measures

There were no significant or clinically meaningful differences in mean change from baseline in the analyses of laboratory parameters for patients in galcanezumab-treated group compared with placebo. Galcanezumab treatment was not associated with any significant or clinically meaningful abnormalities of chemistry, hematology, or urinalysis laboratory analytes; mean changes in routine laboratory parameters were generally minimal. For laboratory values related to glucose and lipid metabolism, no clinically significant mean changes were observed.

There were no clinically relevant differences between patients treated with galcanezumab or placebo in the incidence of TE hepatic laboratory changes, the frequencies for any of these abnormalities were less than 1.0% (Table 10). Overall, for patients with TE hepatic laboratory changes, there were no patterns that would suggest an association with galcanezumab. No Hy’s Law cases were observed in any patient during these studies.

Table 10 Percentage of patients in integrated double-blind studies with treatment-emergent high hepatic laboratory measures at any timea
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Vital signs, weight, and ECGs

Mean changes in temperature were not statistically different among any treatment group in these studies.

During the double-blind treatment period, mean changes from baseline to endpoint in systolic and diastolic BP, and pulse were minimal (≤1.0 mmHg and ≤ 2 bpm, respectively). The frequency of TE or sustained increases in BP, and pulse at any time was similar in galcanezumab- and placebo-treated patients, with no statistically significant or clinically meaningful differences (Table 11). Exposure-adjusted analysis of TE high systolic BP showed that in the integrated double-blind studies the EAIR was 8.7 for the galcanezumab 120 mg dose-group and 9.6 for the galcanezumab 240 mg dose-group, which was similar to placebo (8.1, IRR = 1.1–1.2). The exposure-adjusted analysis of TE high systolic BP showed that in the all-galcanezumab exposure group the EAIRs decreased for both treatment groups, 5.3 for the galcanezumab 120 mg and 8.7 for the galcanezumab 240 mg dose-group, suggesting that the TE increases in systolic BP did not increase with longer treatment duration. The analysis for TE high diastolic BP resulted in an EAIR of 21.4 for the galcanezumab120 mg dose-group and 19.3 for the galcanezumab 240 mg dose-group which was similar to placebo (17.6, IRR = 1.1–1.2). The analysis for TE high diastolic BP in the all-galcanezumab exposure group resulted in an EAIR of 16.5 for the galcanezumab 120 mg dose-group and 16.9 for the galcanezumab 240 mg dose-group, demonstrating that the TE increases in diastolic BP did not increase with longer treatment duration.

Table 11 Percentage of patients in integrated double-blind studies reporting treatment-emergent changes to blood pressure and pulse
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A similar proportion of galcanezumab- and placebo-treated patients either gained or lost at least 7.0% of their baseline weight (gained ≥7.0%: galcanezumab 120 mg = 6.3%, galcanezumab 240 mg = 6.4%, placebo = 5.2%; lost ≥7.0%: galcanezumab 120 mg = 3.9%, galcanezumab 240 mg = 3.4%, placebo = 2.6%), and there were no clinically important or statistically different changes in weight between any treatment-group in these studies.

For ECG analysis, there were no clinically meaningful differences observed between treatment groups. No patient met clinically significant increases in QTcF (> 500 msec).

Suicidal ideation or behavior

Overall, data from galcanezumab-treated patients in these phase 3 studies do not suggest a risk of suicidal ideation or behavior as assessed by the C-SSRS. The integrated double-blind studies reported suicidal ideation in 13 (0.9%) patients in the placebo group, 4 (0.6%) patients in the galcanezumab 120 mg dose-group, and 7 (1.0%) patients in the galcanezumab 240 mg dose-group. Suicidal behavior was reported in 1 (0.1%) patient in the placebo group and in 1 (0.1%) patient in the galcanezumab 240 mg dose-group. The all-galcanezumab exposure group reported suicidal ideation in 11 (1.1%) patients in the galcanezumab 120 mg dose-group and 11 (0.9%) patients in the galcanezumab 240 mg dose-group. Suicidal behavior was reported in 1 (0.1%) patient in each galcanezumab dose-group.

Discussion

In this integrated report of safety data from five clinical studies with up to a year of galcanezumab treatment, we have expanded available knowledge regarding the safety and tolerability of galcanezumab.

The most common AEs observed in our studies were those related to injection site, which are consistent with other marketed injectable CGRP monoclonal antibodies [28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36].

Although treatment with monoclonal antibodies can be associated with severe hypersensitivity adverse reactions, no anaphylaxis events were reported in these studies. However, two serious cases of non-immediate urticaria were reported in galcanezumab-treated patients during the open-label treatment phase of the REGAIN study. Hypersensitivity events generally occurred more frequently in patients treated with galcanezumab than with placebo, although most events were mild or moderate in severity and did not lead to discontinuation of galcanezumab treatment. A separate by-month analysis of hypersensitivity events (data on file) did not suggest a trend toward an increase in the frequency of hypersensitivity events with increased duration of treatment.

The events of constipation, vertigo, and pruritus were all reported in up to 1.0% of patients in the galcanezumab 120 mg dose-group and up to 1.5% of patients in the 240 mg dose-group. In the gastrointestinal system, CGRP affects visceral nociception, blood flow, inflammation, motility, colonic secretion, and is known to induce diarrhea in rodents [37], thus the ADR of constipation seems biologically plausible. Erenumab, another anti-CGRP medication, includes constipation as an ADR in product labeling [32]. Patients with migraine often report audiovestibular symptoms including vertigo, tinnitus, phonophobia, and hearing loss [38, 39]. Vertigo was categorized as an ADR since inhibition of CGRP may interfere with vestibular function [40, 41].

Differences between galcanezumab- and placebo-treated patients were observed in the percentage of SAEs and DCAEs; however, the types of events reported were similar and there was not a distinct pattern specific to galcanezumab treatment. There were low numbers of CV-related SAEs or DCAEs with a similar number of events reported in the placebo and galcanezumab treatment groups. All the CV-related SAEs in galcanezumab-treated patients resolved with no additional CV TEAEs or sequelae reported. In the patient with the transient ischemic attack, 2 computerized tomogram scans and a brain MRI (including angiography of the extracranial and intracranial vessels and ergometry) performed following the event were judged normal and without signs of ischemia. Additionally, treatment with galcanezumab or placebo did not lead to an increase in systolic or diastolic BP with up to a year of treatment.

Hepatic safety of galcanezumab was reported previously [16, 42]; no Hy’s Law observations were reported among any galcanezumab-treated patients or placebo in either of those previous reports, or in this report.

Although the pivotal galcanezumab studies included both the 120 mg (240 mg loading dose) and 240 mg doses administered monthly, the efficacy data in both the episodic migraine studies and the chronic migraine study consistently demonstrated the similarity across efficacy measures for both galcanezumab doses. Therefore, the approved dosage of galcanezumab is a monthly dose of 120 mg injected subcutaneously following an initial loading dose of 240 mg.

Galcanezumab offers the convenience and adherence benefits of once monthly dosing. In clinical practice, tolerability or unsatisfactory efficacy of current migraine preventive treatments often results in non-compliance and treatment failure [43, 44].

The span of the current clinical studies of galcanezumab has not been long enough to answer questions of long-term safety; however, no unexpected safety issues have emerged among these data that extend out to 1 year of treatment.

A meta-analysis of 10 randomized controlled trials of CGRP monoclonal antibodies for the prevention of episodic migraine was recently published [25]. This analysis supports the findings that CGRP monoclonal antibodies are generally safe and well tolerated. However, the meta-analysis did not include trials for the prevention of chronic migraine, which we have presented in this report for treatment with galcanezumab. In addition, other safety outcomes other than AEs were not included resulting in an incomplete presentation of the safety data in the meta-analysis. Finally, the meta-analysis only presented safety data for up to 6 months. In this report, we have presented safety and tolerability data for up to 1 year of exposure to galcanezumab and none of the safety outcomes assessed appear to increase in incidence with longer duration of treatment. Lastly there were no new AEs of concern that occurred with a treatment duration of up to 1 year.

A limitation of these integrated analyses is that rare AEs or long-term risks may not be evident in studies of shorter duration. Also, restrictions on the inclusion of patients with acute or serious CV risk or pregnant women may limit the generalizability of these results.

Conclusion

In these studies, for up to 1 year of treatment, a favorable safety and tolerability profile for galcanezumab in the prevention of episodic and chronic migraine was evident. TEAEs, including those identified as ADRs due to their potential clinical significance, were generally transient in nature, resolved, and were amenable to monitoring. The proportion of DCAEs was low across all studies providing support for the tolerability of galcanezumab in patients with migraine. In addition, the overall safety profiles of galcanezumab 120 mg versus galcanezumab 240 mg in the integrated double-blind studies group and all-galcanezumab exposure group were similar.