Background

Gene expression analysis is an important tool to understand the functional aspect of genes. Quantification of the steady-state mRNA by real-time PCR is identified as the most reliable and commonly used approach for basic research, molecular medicine and biotechnology [1, 2]. Gene expression levels are routinely evaluated using approaches such as, northern hybridization and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The possibility of high throughput analysis combined with its high sensitivity, reliable specificity and simplicity render the real-time PCR approach as the most appropriate strategy [3–5]. However, the real-time PCR based approach can be dependable only when the results are normalized. The use of unreliable reference genes or internal control genes for normalization of the data is the major lacuna of this approach [6, 7]. Normalization is essential for correcting the errors that could arise due to inaccurate quantification of RNA and problems in the quality of RNA leading to variable reverse transcription and PCR reactions. Even though various strategies are employed to normalize qRT-PCR (quantitative-real time PCR), it still remains as one of the primary challenges in the utility of this technique [7]. A gene whose expression remains stable across tissues and developmental stages would represent the best system for normalization of the qRT-PCR data. The stability of such reference genes across genotypes of a particular crop species would be an added advantage.

Some of the house keeping genes involved in basic cellular activities such as 18s rRNA, 25s rRNA, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and ubiquitin (UBQ) are some of the commonly used internal control genes as they are likely to be expressed at constant levels regardless of experimental conditions [8–12]. However, recent studies suggested that expression of these genes vary significantly under different environmental conditions [6, 13, 14]. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the internal control gene (s) for the efficient quantification of a target mRNA by qRT-PCR in a given set of biological samples. Several statistical algorithms such as geNorm, BestKeeper and NormFinder have been developed to determine the stability of reference genes in a given set of biological samples [15, 16]. Several studies have used these programs for the evaluation of various housekeeping genes to establish their utility as reference genes for normalization of real-time PCR data in various plants [8, 14, 17–20].

Eggplant popularly known as Brinjal in India, is an agronomically important non-tuberous Solanaceous crop primarily grown for its large oval fruit. In addition to being a popular vegetable, it has therapeutic value and used for the treatment of several diseases such as diabetes, arthritis, asthma and bronchitis [21]. It can be a good alternate model plant for studying various agronomic traits through transgenic technology because of its high response to in vitro regeneration leading to high genetic transformation efficiency [22]. Genomics efforts have lead to the accumulation of approximately 98,089 ESTs in eggplant (NCBI dbEST) which can be an excellent source for prospecting novel genes and deciphering their biological functions. However, gene expression analysis by qRT-PCR is limited in eggplant primarily due to the lack of information about genes which can serve as internal controls. In this context, the present study was undertaken to select and validate the most suitable internal control gene(s) in eggplant for effective normalization of the qRT-PCR data.

Results

Cloning of the reference genes from cDNA of eggplant

PCR amplification of six target reference genes viz., 18s rRNA, APRT, GAPDH, Cyclophilin, Actin, RuBP from the cDNA resulted in 416 bp, 454 bp, 586 bp, 265 bp, 333 bp, and 269 bp amplicons respectively, which were cloned and sequenced (Figure 1A & 1B). Moreover comparative analysis of the sequenced products revealed high (95-100%) similarity with the members of Solanaceae family (Figure 2 &Table 1). The sequences were later deposited in the GenBank database (GenBank: JX448341, JX448342, JX448343, JX448344, JX448345, JX524155). In order to check the presence of introns between the primer binding sites, all the six reference genes were PCR amplified from the genomic DNA extracted from the eggplant leaves (Figure 1C). Except for APRT, amplification was successful for all the other five genes. There was no amplification in APRT probably due to the presence of a big intronic region; in case of GAPDH, the amplicon was bigger than the cDNA fragment indicating the presence of an intron. With respect to the other four genes, the size of the genomic DNA fragments was same as that of the cDNA fragments.

Figure 1
figure 1

Amplification of the housekeeping genes and confirmation of cloning by EcoRI digestion of pGEM-T vector. (A) Amplification of the six target genes from cDNA of eggplant Lanes - M: 100 bp DNA Ladder/Marker, 1. 18S rRNA (416bp), 2: APRT (454 bp), 3: GAPDH (586bp), 4: Cyclophilin (265 bp), 5: Actin (333 bp), 6: RuBP (269bp). (B) Confirmation of the inserts in the recombinant pGEM-T vector by EcoRI digestion. Lanes - M: 100 bp DNA Ladder/Marker, 1. 18S rRNA (416bp), 2: APRT (454 bp), 3: Cyclophilin (265 bp), 4: GAPDH (586bp), 5: Actin (333 bp), 6: RuBP (269bp). (C) Amplification of the six target genes from genomic DNA of eggplant. Lanes- M: 100 bp DNA Ladder/Marker, 1. 18S rRNA (416bp), 2: APRT (No amplification), 3: Cyclophilin (265 bp), 4: GAPDH (1.2 kb), 5: Actin (333 bp), 6: RuBP (269bp).

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Figure 2
figure 2

Multiple Sequence Alignment of the six candidate genes by CLUSTALW.

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Table 1 BLAST analysis of the reference gene sequences
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Assessment of expression stability of reference genes

Genes encoding for 18s rRNA, adenine phosphoribosyl transferase (APRT), glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), Cyclophilin, Actin, Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBP) were selected based on previous studies that relied on them as candidate reference genes [23–25]. In order to calculate the stability of expression of the selected six candidate reference genes, mRNA expression levels were measured in six different tissues of the eggplant (young leaf, mature leaf, shoot, root, flower bud and open flower). Ct mean values of three biological replicates were obtained from Realplex2 software. These Ct mean values were further used for the calculation of expression stability (Figure 3A & 3B, Table 2). Real-time PCR analysis revealed a large significant similarity in the observed expression pattern of all the genes across various tissues. Three commonly used statistical algorithms viz., BestKeeper, Normfinder and geNorm were employed for normalization of expression pattern and to validate Ct values for choosing the best reference genes.

Figure 3
figure 3

Specificity of real-time PCR amplification (A) Quantification curve for the six candidate reference genes from cDNA of six different tissues (B) Melting curve for the six candidate reference genes from cDNA of six different.

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Table 2 Expression pattern of the reference genes in different tissues of eggplant
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Best keeper analysis

This analysis was done using the raw Ct values. Initially, variations (SD (± Ct) and CV (%Ct)) were calculated for each of the candidate reference genes in the samples for identifying the overall stability in gene expression. Three candidate reference genes (GAPDH, Actin and RuBP) showed an SD value higher than 1, which disqualified their utility as reference genes. Remaining three genes were selected for further analysis as they showed SD value less than 1. Further processing of the data using pair wise correlation and regression analysis showed the inter gene relations and eliminated APRT, as the gene with the least correlation (r = 0.481) (Table 3). The analysis of the remaining two genes (18s rRNA and Cyclophilin) showed a strong and significant correlation with an ‘r’ value of 0.990 for 18S rRNA and 0.895 for Cyclophilin indicating their stable expression levels. Accordingly, the BestKeeper index (p) was found to be 0.001 and 0.016 respectively for 18s rRNA and Cyclophilin (Figure 4A). In view of high correlation value and low BestKeeper index, 18s rRNA and Cyclophilin were selected as the two likely reference genes.

Figure 4
figure 4

Expression stability and ranking of housekeeping genes by three statistical softwares, (A) Best keeper (B) NormFinder (C) geNorm.

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Table 3 Statistical analysis of the expression data of six housekeeping genes
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NormFinder analysis

NormFinder analysis results revealed that the gene expression of three candidate reference genes, Cyclophilin, APRT and 18SrRNA had lower stability values across the six tissue samples (Table 3). Further, manual inspection of the remaining reference genes showed that GAPDH ranked at the fourth position, had higher intra-group variation than 18s rRNA. Nevertheless, Actin and RuBP had highest intra-group variation and highest stability values. Thus, based on NormFinder analysis, Cyclophilin, APRT and 18s rRNA were identified as the best candidate reference genes (Figure 4B).

geNorm analysis

Analysis of raw non-normalized data of six different tissue samples (n = 6) allowed sorting of genes ranked on the basis of their expression stability (M) from most stable to least stable in the order of APRT, 18s rRNA, Cyclophilin, GAPDH, Actin and RuBP. Their calculated ‘M’ values were 0.648981, 0.648981, 0.68869, 0.770861, 1.18131 and 1.77690 respectively (Table 3, Figure 4C). Eventually, successive elimination of the least stable genes based on the highest ‘M’ values led to the identification of APRT and 18s rRNA as the two potential reference genes.

Therefore, based on the elaborate statistical analysis 18s rRNA, APRT and Cyclophilin were identified as appropriate reference genes.

Validation of reference genes

The selected genes were analyzed under various situations to assess their utility to serve as reference genes:

Varietal influence on the expression of identified genes

The utility of the identified genes was further analyzed in four different eggplant varieties using real-time PCR (Table 4). An expression pattern of high similarity was observed in all the four genotypes with every selected gene. This demonstrated the utility of the selected genes as reference genes for real-time PCR analysis in eggplant (Figure 5A).

Figure 5
figure 5

Validation of reference genes (A) Validation in other eggplant varieties (B) Validation in transgenic eggplant (C) Validation in the presence of nematode stress.

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Table 4 Confirmation of the stability of the identified reference genes in four different varieties of eggplant
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Utility of the identified genes in transgene expression analysis

Further to the validation of the selected genes in different eggplant varieties, their utility was also established in the analysis of transgenics (Table 5, Figure 5B). The reference genes play a vital role in the expression analysis of the transgenics using real-time PCR. Real-time analysis of two representative transgenic lines revealed similar expression pattern of all the three housekeeping genes.

Table 5 Confirmation of expression stability of the reference genes in representative transgenic eggplants
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Expression analysis of the identified genes in eggplant under nematode stress

The expression of the selected reference genes was also validated in the plants that were challenged with root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) (Table 6, Figure 5C). It was observed that the expression of the three reference genes in the leaf tissue of the nematode challenged plants was similar to that of the uninfected plants.

Table 6 Confirmation of expression stability of the reference genes in nematode infected eggplants
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These above analyses ultimately confirmed the identification and utility of the three housekeeping genes as the appropriate reference genes for qRT-PCR analysis of gene expression in eggplant.

Discussion

Gene expression profile studies provide an important insight into the biological processes of plant molecular biology research, hence are recognized as crucial steps in identifying gene function. Among the various techniques available to quantify gene expression, qRT-PCR is the most commonly used method [26–28]. It is the only sensitive technique available to measure the quantity of low abundance proteins [7, 13]. However, to get dependable results from real-time PCR analysis, accurate normalization of gene expression against a reference gene is required. The reference gene should have stable expression independent of the experimental conditions, developmental stages, tissues etc. However, it is very difficult to get a single gene that can qualify to be an ideal reference gene for gene expression analysis. Inappropriate use of reference genes would lead to a biased gene expression analysis. Hence, an appropriate internal control gene is required for reliable quantification of gene transcripts [26]. Further, there is a need to identify and also confirm them for a given plant species as the reference genes authenticated in one organism or plant or a biological system may not be suitable for gene expression analysis in another plant. For example, UBQ10 gene shows highly stable expression in Arabidopsis[8], but is not suitable for normalization in different tissues at different developmental stages in rice and soybean [25, 29]. So far, such validated reference or internal control genes have not been reported in eggplant which could pose a limitation for undertaking gene expression studies in this important species. The primary focus of the present study was to identify and validate internal control genes from eggplant that can be used for normalizing the qRT-PCR data. In this direction, six housekeeping genes viz., 18s rRNA, APRT, GAPDH, Cyclophilin, Actin and RuBP were selected and their expression examined across six developmental stages of eggplant variety, Pusa Purple Long. In order to minimize bias introduced by the validation approach, the results were analyzed by three different complementary statistical strategies to select best internal controls for normalization of gene expression studies. Best keeper selects the least variable gene using the geometric mean of the raw data [15]. NormFinder not only measures the variation but also ranks the potential reference genes by how they differ between the studies [2] and geNorm allows the most appropriate mean of the expression of the candidate cDNA [25]. Using the three standard statistical analyses, 18s rRNA, APRT and Cyclophilin were identified as appropriate genes for normalization. Nevertheless, earlier studies revealed that the expression of both 18s rRNA and Cyclophilin were affected by both biotic and abiotic stress in potato [23]. On the other hand, 18s rRNA exhibited most stable expression in plants grown under various environmental conditions in rice [25]. Interestingly, GAPDH was found to be a suitable reference gene for measuring the gene expression in different tissues/organs of sugarcane [30]. A report in Brassica juncea[31] revealed the combination of GAPDH with three other genes as suitable reference genes across different developmental stages.

Major crux of the investigation was to demonstrate the utility of the identified genes for expression analysis under different experimental conditions. The study successfully provided evidence in establishing stable expression of the identified genes across different eggplant varieties. The expression of the genes was stable in different transgenic plants and also under biotic stress deliberately induced by challenging with nematodes. This provided an unequivocal evidence for the utility of these identified genes for expression analysis by qRT-PCR in eggplant.

Conclusion

We have cloned, sequenced and identified three genes viz., 18s rRNA, APRT and Cyclophilin as reference genes in eggplant, suitable for normalizing real-time PCR data. This is the first study to identify the appropriate reference genes in eggplant. With the growing genomic resources in eggplant, these genes would enable accurate and reliable gene expression data analysis over a wide range of samples/experimental conditions for functional genomics as well as in translational research.

Methods

Plant material and growth conditions

Eggplant seeds (CV. Pusa Purple Long) were procured from National Seeds Corporation Limited, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi. Seeds were germinated and plants were grown under controlled conditions. Young leaves, stems and roots were collected for analysis at 20 days, while flower buds, open flowers and mature leaves were collected after 45–50 days. Three independent biological replicates were collected for each of the samples and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen.

Primers

Nucleotide sequences of six housekeeping genes; 18s rRNA, adenine phosphoribosyl transferase (APRT), glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), Cyclophilin, Actin and Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBP) were obtained from the GenBank database. Using primer quest tool in Integrated DNA Technology website, primers were designed for these sequences to be used in real-time PCR (200 bp maximum length, optimal Tm at 60°C, GC content of 45-50%). Details of the genes and their primers for both cDNA amplification and quantification by real-time PCR are given in Tables 7 and 8 respectively.

Table 7 Details of primers used for the cDNA amplification of six candidate reference genes
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Table 8 Primers used for real-time PCR expression analysis of six candidate reference genes
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DNA isolation

Young leaves of one month old plants were ground in liquid nitrogen and genomic DNA was extracted by using NucleoSpin plant II kit (Macherey-Nagel). The genomic DNA was quantified by using Nanodrop ND-1000 spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific) and used for PCR.

RNA isolation, quality controls and cDNA synthesis

Total RNA was extracted initially from the leaves for cloning the target genes and subsequently from various other plant tissues like young leaf, mature leaf, root, shoot, flower bud and open flower using Spectrum Plant Total RNA Kit (Sigma-Aldrich). The quality and concentration of each of the RNA samples was determined using Nanodrop ND-1000 spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific), Bioanalyzer (Agilent 2100). Only those RNA samples having a ratio of 1.9 to 2.1 at 260/280; 2.0 to 2.5 at 260/230 and RIN (RNA integrity number) more than 7.0 were used for the analysis. The integrity of RNA was also checked by agarose gel electrophoresis. About 500 ng of each of the RNA was reverse transcribed using cDNA synthesis Kit (Superscript VILO, Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer’s instructions and used for further analysis.

Cloning and sequencing of the housekeeping genes

18s rRNA, APRT, GAPDH, Cyclophilin, Actin and RuBP were PCR amplified from both the genomic DNA and cDNA of eggplant leaf; PCR amplification reactions were performed in 50 μl reaction volume containing 5 μl 10 x assay buffer, 200 μM each of dATP, dCTP, dGTP and dTTP (Fermentas), 0.5 μM each primer (Table 7), 0.5-2 units of Taq polymerase (Sigma-Aldrich) and 1 μl genomic DNA (50 ng)/cDNA. The PCR cycles consisted of initial denaturation at 94°C for 4 min, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 60 s, annealing at 60°C for 30 s and extension at 72°C for 1 min with a final extension at 72°C for 10 min. The amplified products were later resolved on 1.2% agarose gel.

The amplified cDNA PCR products were cloned into pGEM-T Easy cloning vector (Promega) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Freshly prepared competent cells of Escherichia coli DH5α were transformed with the recombinant plasmids. Positive clones were selected by blue white colony screening. Inserts in the clones were confirmed by restriction digestion with EcoRI and sequenced by ABI solid sequencing platform (Safelab).

Real-time PCR

Quantitative Real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed using SYBR Green I technology in Realplex2 thermal cycler (Eppendorf). A master mix for each sample was prepared with SYBR Green I, blue dye, ROX passive reference and stabilizers, PCR Core Reagents (Eurogentec). Reaction mix of 10 μl was prepared by adding 2.5 ng of cDNA and 750 nM each of the specific primers (Table 8). The amplification reactions were carried out at 95°C for 5 min, 40 cycles at 95°C for 15 seconds followed by 60°C for 1 min in qPCR high profile non skirted white 96-well plate (Eurogentec). Specificity of amplification was assessed by disassociation or melt curve analysis at 60-95°C after 40 cycles. Real time PCR analysis was carried out for three biological replicates for each sample and three technical replicates were analyzed for each biological replicate.

Analysis of gene expression stability

Three statistical softwares; BestKeeper, NormFinder and geNorm were used for measurement of stability of expression of the six candidate genes.

BestKeeper analysis

BestKeeper computed the gene expression variation for the six reference genes in all the samples based on crossing points (CP) [32]. Primary analysis of the qRT-PCR data based on the assessment of raw CP values calculated the standard deviation, SD (± CP) and coefficient of variance, CV (% CP) for the target genes in all the samples. This data was further used to determine the stability of gene expression. Based on the variability, control genes were ranked as the most stably expressed showing lowest variation to the least stable one with the highest variation. All the reference genes showing stable expression were combined into BestKeeper index for the individual sample using the geometric mean of the CP values for each of the candidate gene [15]. Samples with efficiency corrected intrinsic variation within three fold over or under expression were considered acceptable.

NormFinder analysis

NormFinder utilizes a model based approach to establish expression stability of candidate reference genes. It uses raw data as an input in the form of expression values generated using the comparative Ct method. It estimates the overall expression variation of the candidate reference genes and the variation between sample subgroups [33].

geNorm analysis

The geNorm was used to calculate candidate reference gene stability values (M) using raw expression data. Expression stability measure is calculated as the mean of pairwise variation of a gene compared to that of all other genes [34].

Validation of expression of the identified reference genes

In other eggplant varieties

Seeds of four popular eggplant varieties, Pusa Shyamla, Pusa Ankur, Pusa Kranti and Pusa Uttam were procured from Division of Vegetable Science, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. Total RNA was extracted from 15 days old seedlings and used for cDNA synthesis, followed by expression analysis.

In transgenic eggplant

The selected genes were also validated in randomly selected lines of transgenic eggplant using the leaf tissue and compared with the wild type. Total RNA extracted from the leaf samples of transgenic plants was used for qRT-PCR.

Nematode infected eggplant

The shortlisted reference genes were also validated in nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) challenged eggplants. The roots of 15 days old plants were inoculated with approximately 300 freshly hatched infective second stage juveniles of M. incognita. The nematode inoculated plants were grown in a growth chamber at 27°C, 70% relative humidity and 16 hr light and 8 hr dark conditions for 30 days for the nematode to complete its lifecycle. Subsequently, the leaves were used for real time PCR to study the expression of the selected genes.