Abstract
Polymeric plastic materials have revolutionized industry due to characteristics such as lightness and versatility. However, its large-scale production and consumption has generated a large amount of this waste which causes a huge environmental impact. The oil industry's production chain is responsible for meeting society's energy demands and also contributes strongly to generation of wastes, such as oil sludge, containing high content of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. The interest in use pyrolysis process has been continuously increasing due to its ability of convert these wastes into fuels and raw materials for petrochemical processes. The employment of catalysts, mainly aluminosilicates such as zeolites and clays, favors the use of lower temperatures during pyrolysis process and greater selectivity in the distribution of products, due to their acidity and porosity properties. Zeolites with mesoporous or zeolites submitted to structural modifications, such as desilication and dealumination, favored cracking of macromolecules with generation of lighter aliphatic hydrocarbons in gasoline and diesel ranges and lower proportions of aromatics and gases. Similar results were obtained using modified clays by acid treatment, such as K10®. Pillared clays with metals, such as Iron and Aluminum, also achieved good selectivity for compounds in fuel ranges due to its weaker acidity and presence of mesopores. In addition, at lower temperatures, the formation of polycyclics aromatics hydrocarbons (PAHs) is minimized, making the process more sustainable. Future trends in pyrolysis with clays and zeolites follow towards improvements of these modifications to obtain higher selectivity to hydrocarbons in fuels range.
Graphical abstract
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Copyright 2011 Elsevier
Copyright 2011 Elsevier
Copyright 2020 Elsevier
Copyright 2015 Elsevier
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abnisa F, Wan Daud WMA (2014) A review on co-pyrolysis of biomass: an optional technique to obtain a high-grade pyrolysis oil. Energy Convers Manag 87:71–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.07.007
Achilias DS, Roupakias C, Megalokonomos P, Lappas AA, Antonakou V (2007) Chemical recycling of plastic wastes made from polyethylene (LDPE and HDPE) and polypropylene (PP). J Hazard Mater 149(3):536–542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.06.076
Aguado J, Serrano D (1999) Feedstock recycling of plastic waste series. In: Clark JH, (ed). Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2006.06.004
Aguado J, Serrano DP, Miguel GS, Escola JM, Rodríguez JM (2007) Catalytic activity of zeolitic and mesostructured catalysts in the cracking of pure and waste polyolefins. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 78(1):153–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2006.06.004
Aguado J, Serrano DP, Escola JM (2006a) Catalytic upgrading of plastic wastes. In: Scheirs J, Kaminsky W (eds) Feedstock recycling and pyrolysis of waste plastics: converting waste plastics into diesel and other fuels. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/0470021543.ch3
Aguado J, Serrano DP, Vicente G, Sánchez N (2006b) Effect of decalin solvent on the thermal degradation of HDPE. J Polym Environ 14(4):375–384. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-006-0034-3
Ahmad I, Khan MI, Khan H, Ishaq M, Tariq R, Gul K, Ahmad W (2015) Influence of metal-oxide-supported bentonites on the pyrolysis behavior of polypropylene and high-density polyethylene. J Appl Polym Sci 132(1):1–19. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.41221
Al-Harbi N, Hussein MA, Al-Hadeethi Y, Umar A (2022) Cellulose acetate-hydroxyapatite-bioglass-zirconia nanocomposite particles as potential biomaterial: synthesis, characterization, and biological properties for bone application. Eng Sci 17:70–82
Almeida D, Marques MDF (2016) Thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of plastic waste. Polímeros 26(1):44–51. https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-1428.2100
Al-Salem SM, Antelava A, Constantinou A, Manos G, Dutta A (2017) A review on thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of plastic solid waste (PSW). J Environ Manage 197(1408):177–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.03.084
Amin NAS, Ammasi S (2006) Dual-bed catalytic system for direct conversion of methane to liquid hydrocarbons. J Nat Gas Chem 15(3):191–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-9953(06)60026-1
Anuar Sharuddin SD, Abnisa F, Wan Daud WMA, Aroua MK (2017) Energy recovery from pyrolysis of plastic waste: study on non-recycled plastics (NRP) data as the real measure of plastic waste. Energy Convers Manag 148:925–934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.06.046
Aracil I, Font R, Conesa JA (2005) Semivolatile and volatile compounds from the pyrolysis and combustion of polyvinyl chloride. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis [internet] 74(1–2):465–478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2004.09.008
Assumpção LCFN, Carbonell MM, Marques MRC (2011) Co-pyrolysis of polypropylene waste with Brazilian heavy oil. J Environ Sci Health Part A 46:37–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2011.551724
Ates F, Erginel N (2016) Optimization of bio-oil production using response surface methodology and formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at elevated pressures. Fuel Process Technol 142:279–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2015.10.026
Ateş F, Miskolczi N, Borsodi N (2013) Comparision of real waste (MSW and MPW) pyrolysis in batch reactor over different catalysts. Part I: product yields, gas and pyrolysis oil properties. Bioresour Technol 133:443–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.01.112
Ates A, Reitzmann A, Hardacre C, Yalcin H (2011) Abatement of nitrous oxide over natural and iron modified natural zeolites. Appl Catal A Gen 407(1–2):67–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2011.08.026
Atkins PW, Overton TL, Rourke JP, Weller MT, Armstrong FA (2010) Hagerman M. Shriver and Atkins’ Inorganic chemisty, 5th edn. Oxford University Press, Great Britain, pp 1–824
Atta OM, Manan S, Ul-Islam M, Ahmed AAQ, Ullah MW, Yang G (2021) Silver decorated bacterial cellulose nanocomposites as antimicrobial food packaging materials. ES Food Agroforestry 6:12–26. https://doi.org/10.30919/esfaf590
Ayoob AK, Fadhil AB (2020) Valorization of waste tires in the synthesis of an effective carbon based catalyst for biodiesel production from a mixture of non-edible oils. Fuel 264:116754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116754
Badger G, Kimber R, Spotswood T (1960) Mode of Formation of 3,4-Benzopyrene in human environment. Nature 187(187):663–665. https://doi.org/10.1038/187663a0
Baloyi J, Ntho T, Moma J (2018a) Synthesis and application of pillared clay heterogeneous catalysts for wastewater treatment: a review. RSC Adv 8(10):5197–5211. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ra12924f
Baloyi J, Ntho T, Moma J (2018b) A novel synthesis method of Al/Cr pillared clay and its application in the catalytic wet air oxidation of phenol. Catal Lett 148(12):3655–3668. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10562-018-2579-x
Baytekin B, Baytekin HT, Grzybowski BA (2013) Retrieving and converting energy from polymers: deployable technologies and emerging concepts. Energy Environ Sci 6(12):3467. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ee41360h
Bergaya F, Lagaly G (2006) General introduction: clays, clay minerals, and clay science. In: Bergaya F, Lagaly G (eds) Handbook of clay science developments in clay science, vol 1. Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1572-4352(05)01001-9
Bergaya F, Beneke K, Berry RW, Lagaly G, Tankersley KB (2013) Clay science : a young discipline and a great perspective. In: Bergaya F, Lagaly G (eds) Handbook of clay science developments in clay science, vol 5A, 2nd edn. Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-098258-8.00028-6
Bezergianni S, Dimitriadis A, Faussone G-C, Karonis D (2017) Alternative diesel from waste plastics. Energies 10(11):1750. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10111750
Blumer M (1976) Polycyclic aromatic compounds in nature. Sci Am 234(3):35–45
Bockhorn H, Hornung A, Hornung U (1998) Gasification of polystyrene as initial step in incineration, fires, or smoldering of plastics. Symp Combust 27(1):1343–1349. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0082-0784(98)80539-0
Boffetta P, Jourenkova N, Gustavsson P (1997) Cancer risk from occupational and environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Cancer Causes Control 8:444–472
Borsella E, Aguado R, De Stefanis A, Olazar M (2018) Comparison of catalytic performance of an iron-alumina pillared montmorillonite and HZSM-5 zeolite on a spouted bed reactor. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 130:320–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2017.12.015
Bozkurt PA, Tosun O, Canel M (2016) The synergistic effect of co-pyrolysis of oil shale and low density polyethylene mixtures and characterization of pyrolysis liquid. J Energy Inst 90(3):355–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joei.2016.04.007
Braibante HTS, Braibante MEF, Maria DS, Maria S (2014) A versatilidade do K-10, como suporte sólido, em reações orgânicas. Ciência e Nat 36:724–731. https://doi.org/10.5902/2179460X13156
Brigatti MF, Galán E, Theng BKG (2013) Structure and mineralogy of clay minerals. Handbook of clay science developments in clay science, vol 5A, 2nd edn. Elsevier Ltd, pp 21–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-098258-8.00002-X
Brindley GW, Sempels RE (1977) Hydroxy-Aluminium beidellites. Clay Miner 12:229–237
Brockway PE, Owen A, Brand-Correa LI, Hardt L (2019) Estimation of global final-stage energy-return-on-investment for fossil fuels with comparison to renewable energy sources. Nat Energy 4(7):612–621. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-019-0425-z
Broughton G (1940) Catalysis by metallized bentonites. J Phys Chem 44(2):180–184
Budsaereechai S, Hunt AJ, Ngernyen Y (2019) Catalytic pyrolysis of plastic waste for the production of liquid fuels for engines. RSC Adv 9(10):5844–5857. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8RA10058F
Buekens A (2006) Introduction to feedstock recycling of plastics. Feed recycl pyrolysis waste plast convert waste plast into diesel other fuels. John Wiley & Sons, pp 1–41. https://doi.org/10.1002/0470021543.ch1
Byrappa K, Yoshimura M (2001) Hydrothermal synthesis and growth of zeolites. Handbook of hydrothermal technology. Elsevier, pp 315–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-081551445-9.50007-6
Carneiro DS, Marques MRC (2011) Co-pirólise de Resíduos de Polietileno com Gasóleo Pesado da Bacia de Campos. Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia 21(5):347–352
Chen D, Yin L, Wang H, He P (2014) Pyrolysis technologies for municipal solid waste: a review. Waste Manag 34(12):2466–2486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2014.08.004
Choopun W, Jitkarnka S (2016) Catalytic activity and stability of HZSM-5 zeolite and hierarchical uniform mesoporous MSU-SZSM-5 material during bio-ethanol dehydration. J Clean Prod 135:368–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.06.110
Christian M (2005) Acido-basic catalysis application to refining and petrochemistry. IFP Publications, Oxford, Reino Unido
Coelho ACV, Santos DSP, de Santos HS (2007) Argilas especiais: argilas quimicamente modificadas – uma revisão. Quim Nova 30(5):1282–1294
Corma A, Orchillés AV (2000) Current views on the mechanism of catalytic cracking. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 35–36:21–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1387-1811(99)00205-X
Cypres R (1987) Aromatic hydrocarbons formation during coal pyrolysis. Fuel Process Technol 15:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-3820(87)90030-0
Demirbas A (2009) Pyrolysis of biomass for fuels and chemicals. Energy Sources, Part A Recover Util Environ Eff 31(12):1028–1037. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567030801909383
Dewangan A, Pradhan D, Singh RK (2016) Co-pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse and low-density polyethylene: influence of plastic on pyrolysis product yield. Fuel 185:508–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.08.011
De Stefanis A, Cafarelli P, Gallese F, Borsella E, Nana A, Perez G (2013) Catalytic pyrolysis of polyethylene: a comparison between pillared and restructured clays. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 104:479–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2013.05.023
Ding Z, Kloprogge T, Frost RL, Lu M (2001) Porous clays and pillared clays-based catalysts. Part 2: a review of the catalytic and molecular sieve applications porous clays and pillared clays-based catalysts. Part 2: a review. J Porous Mater 8:273–293
Donaj PJ, Kaminsky W, Buzeto F, Yang W (2012) Pyrolysis of polyolefins for increasing the yield of monomers’ recovery. Waste Manag 32(5):840–846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2011.10.009
Durlak SK, Biswas P, Shi J, Bernhard MJ (1998) Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon particulate and gaseous emissions from polystyrene combustion. Environ Sci Technol 32(15):2301–2307. https://doi.org/10.1021/es9709031
Dyer A (2002) Natural zeolites: occurrences, properties, applications. Clay Miner 37:733
Elomaa M, Saharinen E (1991) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soot produced by combustion of polystyrene, polypropylene, and wood. J Appl Polym Sci 42(10):2819–2824. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1991.070421020
Emam EA (2013) Clays as catalysts in petroleum refining industry. ARPN J Sci Technol 3(4):356–375
Faillace JG, de Melo CF, de Souza SPL, da Costa Marques MR (2017) Production of light hydrocarbons from pyrolysis of heavy gas oil and high density polyethylene using pillared clays as catalysts. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 126:70–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2017.06.023
Fan L, Chen P, Zhang Y, Liu S, Liu Y, Wang Y et al (2017) Fast microwave-assisted catalytic co-pyrolysis of lignin and low-density polyethylene with HZSM-5 and MgO for improved bio-oil yield and quality. Bioresour Technol 225:199–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.11.072
Fetter G, Bosch P (2010) Microwave effect on clay pillaring. In: Gil A, Korili SA, Trujillano R, Vicente MA (eds) Pillared clays and related catalysts. Springer, pp 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6670-4_1
Filip M, Pop A, Perhaiţa I, Trusca R, Rusu T (2013) The effect of natural clays catalysts on thermal degradation of a plastic waste mixture. Adv Eng Forum 8–9:103–114. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.8-9.103
Fivga A, Dimitriou I (2018) Pyrolysis of plastic waste for production of heavy fuel substitute: a techno-economic assessment. Energy 149:865–874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.02.094
Fox JA, Stacey NT (2019) Process targeting: an energy based comparison of waste plastic processing technologies. Energy 170:273–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.12.160
Froehner S, Maceno M, Machado KS, Malheiros A (2010) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in airborne particulate matter in Curitiba, Brazil and benzo(a)pyrene toxic equivalency factors (TEFs). J Environ Sci Heal Part A 45(11):1347–1352. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2010.500889
Gama Vieira GE, Mendes Pedroza M, Fernandes de Sousa J, Mendes PC (2011) O processo de pirólise como alternativa para o aproveitamento do potencial energético de lodo de esgoto – uma revisão. Rev Lib 12(17):81–96. https://doi.org/10.31514/rliberato.2011v12n17.p81
García RA, Serrano DP, Otero D (2005) Catalytic cracking of HDPE over hybrid zeolitic–mesoporous materials. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 74(1–2):379–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2004.11.002
Gates BC (1991) Catalytic Chemistry. Wiley Online Library
Geyer R, Jambeck JR, Law KL (2017) Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made. Sci Adv 3:25–29. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1700782
Gil A, Korili SA, Vicente MA (2008) Recent advances in the control and characterization of the porous structure of pillared clay catalysts. Catal Rev - Sci Eng 50(2):153–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/01614940802019383
Gobin K, Manos G (2004) Polymer degradation to fuels over microporous catalysts as a novel tertiary plastic recycling method. Polym Degrad Stab 83(2):267–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(03)00272-6
Gomes CF (1988) Argilas: O que são e para que servem. Fundação Calouste, Lisboa
Gong Z, Wang Z, Wang Z, Fang P, Meng F (2018) Study on pyrolysis characteristics of tank oil sludge and pyrolysis char combustion. Chem Eng Res Des 5:30–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2018.05.027
Gong Z, Liu C, Wang M, Wang Z, Li X (2020a) Experimental study on catalytic pyrolysis of oil sludge under mild temperature. Sci Total Environ 708:135039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135039
Gong Z, Liu C, Wang M, Wang Z, Li X (2020b) Experimental study on catalytic pyrolysis of oil sludge under mild temperature. Sci Total Environ 708:135039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135039
Hafeez S, Pallari E, Manos G, Constantinou A (2019) Catalytic conversion and chemical recovery. Plastics to energy. Elsevier Inc., pp 147–172
Hagen J (2015) Industrial catalysis: a practical approach, 3rd edn. John Wiley & Sons, Germany
Hahladakis JN, Iacovidou E (2018) Closing the loop on plastic packaging materials: what is quality and how does it affect their circularity? Sci Total Environ 630:1394–1400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.330
Hamouda AS, Acharjee P, Abdelrahman A, Radwan AM, Zaki AH, Farghali A, Goel A (2021) Catalytic thermochemical cracking of polyethylene over nanocomposite bentonite clay. IOP Conf Series: Mater Sci Eng 1046(1):012022. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1046/1/012022
Hart MP, Brown DR (2004) Surface acidities and catalytic activities of acid-activated clays. J Mol Catal A Chem 212(1–2):315–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2003.11.013
Heermann C, Heermann C, Schwager FJ, Schwager FJ, Whiting KJ, Whiting KJ et al (2001) Pyrolysis & gasification of waste: a worldwide technology & business review. Services JC, Editor 2:350
Hong Y, Lee Y, Rezaei PS, Kim BS, Jeon J-K, Jae J et al (2017) In-situ catalytic copyrolysis of cellulose and polypropylene over desilicated ZSM-5. Catal Today 293–294:151–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2016.11.045b
Horne PA, Williams PT (1996) Influence of temperature on the products from the flash pyrolysis of biomass. Fuel 75(9):1051–1059. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(96)00081-6
Hu G, Li J, Zeng G (2013) Recent development in the treatment of oily sludge from petroleum industry: a review. J Hazard Mater 261:470–490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.07.069
Hu Y, Yang F, Chen F, Feng Y, Chen D, Dai X (2018) Pyrolysis of the mixture of MSWI fly ash and sewage sludge for co-disposal: effect of ferrous/ferric sulfate additives. Waste Manag 75:340–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.01.040
Hui K, Tang J, Lu H, Xi B, Qu C, Li J (2020) Status and prospect of oil recovery from oily sludge: a review. Arab J Chem 13(8):6523–6543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.06.009
Hunter-Sellars E, Tee JJ, Parkin IP, Williams DR (2020) Adsorption of volatile organic compounds by industrial porous materials: impact of relative humidity. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 298:110090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2020.110090
IARC (1987) IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans Lyon (FR); pp 1–449. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK533509/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK533509.pdf
Iijima A (1980) Geology of natural zeolites and zeolitic rocks. Pure Appl Chem 52(9):2115–2130. https://doi.org/10.1351/pac198052092115
Jafarinejad S (2017) Petroleum waste treatment and pollution control. Elsevier
Jana R, Dewan M, Roymahapatra G (2021) Synthesis of 9, 10-Dihydrophenanthrene, Phenanthrene, Mono- and Dialkyl Phenanthrene and Octa-hydro Phenanthrene by Palladium-catalyzed Heck Reactions. ES Mater Manuf 14:51–58
Jia H, Zhao S, Zhou X, Qu C, Fan D, Wang C (2017) Low-temperature pyrolysis of oily sludge: roles of Fe/Al-pillared bentonites. Arch Environ Prot 43(3):82–90. https://doi.org/10.1515/aep-2017-0027
Jin Z, Chen D, Yin L, Hu Y, Zhu H, Hong L (2018) Molten waste plastic pyrolysis in a vertical falling film reactor and the influence of temperature on the pyrolysis products. Chinese J Chem Eng 26(2):400–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjche.2017.08.001
Joppert N Jr, da Silva AA, da Costa Marques MR (2015) Enhanced diesel fuel fraction from waste high-density polyethylene and heavy gas oil pyrolysis using factorial design methodology. Waste Manage 36:166–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2014.11.023
Jung S-H, Cho M-H, Kang B-S, Kim J-S (2010) Pyrolysis of a fraction of waste polypropylene and polyethylene for the recovery of BTX aromatics using a fluidized bed reactor. Fuel Process Technol 91(3):277–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2009.10.009
Kai X, Yang T, Shen S, Li R (2019) TG-FTIR-MS study of synergistic effects during co-pyrolysis of corn stalk and high-density polyethylene (HDPE). Energy Convers Manag 181:202–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.11.065
Kalargaris I, Tian G, Gu S (2017) Combustion, performance and emission analysis of a DI diesel engine using plastic pyrolysis oil. Fuel Process Technol 157:108–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.11.016
Kaminsky W, Predel M, Sadiki A (2004) Feedstock recycling of polymers by pyrolysis in a fluidised bed. Polym Degrad Stab 85(3):1045–1050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2003.05.002
Kasar P, Sharma DK, Ahmaruzzaman M (2020) Thermal and catalytic decomposition of waste plastics and its co-processing with petroleum residue through pyrolysis process. J Clean Prod 265:121639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121639
Kloprogge JT (1998) Synthesis of smectites and porous pillared clay catalysts : a review synthesis of smectites and porous pillared clay catalysts : a review. J Porous Mater 5:5–41
Komadel P (2016) Acid activated clays: materials in continuous demand. Appl Clay Sci 131:84–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2016.05.001
Kriipsalu M, Marques M, Maastik A (2008) Characterization of oily sludge from a wastewater treatment plant flocculation-flotation unit in a petroleum refinery and its treatment implications. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag 10(1):79–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-007-0188-7
Kumar S, Panda AK, Singh RK (2011) A review on tertiary recycling of high-density polyethylene to fuel. Resour Conserv Recycl 55(11):893–910. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2011.05.005
Kumari M, Chaudhary GR, Chaudhary S, Umar A (2022) Rapid analysis of trace sulphite ion using fluorescent carbon dots produced from single use plastic cups. Eng Sci 17:101–112
Kunwar B, Moser BR, Chandrasekaran SR, Rajagopalan N, Sharma BK (2016a) Catalytic and thermal depolymerization of low value post-consumer high density polyethylene plastic. Energy 111:884–892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.06.024
Kunwar B, Cheng HN, Chandrashekaran SR, Sharma BK (2016b) Plastics to fuel: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 54:421–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2011.05.005
Kurian M, Kavitha S (2016) A review on the importance of pillared interlayered clays in green chemical catalysis. IOSR J Appl Chem 1:47–54
Lambert J-F, Poncelet G (1997) Acidity in pillared clays : origin and catalytic manifestations. Top Catal 4:43–54
Latimer RP (1995) Pyrolysis field ionization mass spectrometry of polyolefins. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 31:203–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-2370(94)00824-K
Lee EH, Jeon M-J, Jeon J-K, Suh DJ, Park SH, Seo B et al (2014) In situ catalytic pyrolysis of miscanthus over modified SBA-15 catalysts using Py-GC/MS. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 14(3):2343–2351. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2014.8513
Levendis YA, Atal A, Carlson J, Dunayevskiy Y, Vouros P (1996) Comparative study on the combustion and emissions of waste tire crumb and pulverized coal. Environ Sci Technol 30(9):2742–2754. https://doi.org/10.1021/es950910u
Li D, Lei S, Rajput G, Zhong L, Ma W, Chen G (2021a) Study on the co-pyrolysis of waste tires and plastics. Energy 226:120381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.120381
Li J, Lin F, Li K, Zheng F, Yan B, Che L et al (2021b) A critical review on energy recovery and non-hazardous disposal of oily sludge from petroleum industry by pyrolysis. J Hazard Mater. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124706
Li K, Lei J, Yuan G, Weerachanchai P, Wang JY, Zhao J et al (2017) Fe-, Ti-, Zr- and Al-pillared clays for efficient catalytic pyrolysis of mixed plastics. Chem Eng J 317:800–809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.02.113
Li K, Wang Y, Zhou W, Cui T, Yang J, Sun Z, Yonggang M, Lee JM (2022) Catalytic pyrolysis of film waste over Co/Ni pillared montmorillonites towards H2 production. Chemosphere 299:134440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134440
Li S, Lyons-Hart J, Banyasz J, Shafer K (2001) Real-time evolved gas analysis by FTIR method: an experimental study of cellulose pyrolysis. Fuel 80(12):1809–1817. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(01)00064-3
Li K, Valla J, Garcia-Martinez J (2014) Realizing the commercial potential of hierarchical zeolites: New opportunities in catalytic cracking. ChemCatChem 6(1):46–66. https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201300345
Liu M, Zhuo JK, Xiong SJ, Yao Q (2014) Catalytic degradation of high-density polyethylene over a clay catalyst compared with other catalysts. Energy Fuels 28(9):6038–6045. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef501326k
Loeppert RH, Mortland MM (1979) The influence of heat-stable intercalate on the rate of dehydroxylation of smectite. Clays Clay Miner 27(5):373–376
Lopes WA, Andrade JB (1996) Fontes, Formação, Reatividade e Quantificação de Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos (HPA) na Atmosfera. Quim Nova 19(5):497–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.142
Lopez G, Artetxe M, Amutio M, Bilbao J, Olazar M (2017) Thermochemical routes for the valorization of waste polyolefinic plastics to produce fuels and chemicals. A review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 73:346–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.142
Luna FJ, Schuchardt U (1999) ARGILAS PILARIZADAS – UMA INTRODUÇÃO. Quim Nova 22(1):104–109. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-4042199900010001
Ma W, Liu B, Zhang R, Gu T, Ji X, Zhong L, Li X (2018) Co-upgrading of raw bio-oil with kitchen waste oil through fl uid catalytic cracking (FCC). Appl Energy 217:233–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.02.036
Ma W, Rajput G, Pan M, Lin F, Zhong L, Chen G (2019) Pyrolysis of typical MSW components by Py-GC/MS and TG-FTIR. Fuel 251:693–708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.04.069
Mangoni AP, Constantino VRL (2015) Eclética Química. Eclética Química 40:192–203
Manos G, Yusof IY, Gangas NH, Papayannakos N (2002) Tertiary recycling of polyethylene to hydrocarbon fuel by catalytic cracking over aluminum pillared clays. Energy Fuels 16(2):485–489. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef0102364
Manos G, Yusof IY, Papayannakos N, Gangas NH (2001) Catalytic cracking of polyethylene over clay catalysts. Comparison with an ultrastable Y zeolite. Ind Eng Chem Res 40(10):2220–2225
Marcilla A, Gómez A, Menargues S, Ruiz R (2005) Pyrolysis of polymers in the presence of a commercial clay. Polym Degrad Stab 88(3):456–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.11.017
Marongiu A, Faravelli T, Ranzi E (2007) Detailed kinetic modeling of the thermal degradation of vinyl polymers. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 78(2):343–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2006.09.008
Martínez JD, Puy N, Murillo R, García T, Navarro MV, Mastral AM (2013) Waste tyre pyrolysis – a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 23:179–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.02.038
Martínez JD, Veses A, Mastral AM, Murillo R, Navarro MV, Puy N et al (2014) Co-pyrolysis of biomass with waste tyres: upgrading of liquid bio-fuel. Fuel Process Technol 119:263–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2013.11.015
Mastandrea C, Chichizola C, Ludueña B, Sánchez H, Álvarez H, Gutiérrez A (2005) Acta bioquímica clínica latinoamericana Hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos. Riesgos para la salud y marcadores biológicos. Acta Bioquímica Clínica Latinoam. 39(1):27–36
McGrath TE, Chan WG, Hajaligol MR (2003) Low temperature mechanism for the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the pyrolysis of cellulose. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 66(1–2):51–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-2370(02)00105-5
Meier D, Faix O (1999) State of the art of applied fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic materials - a review. Bioresour Technol 68:71–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(98)00086-8
Meire RO, Azeredo A, Torres JPM (2005) ASPECTOS ECOTOXICOLÓGICOS DE HIDROCARBONETOS POLICÍCLICOS AROMÁTICOS. Oecologia Bras 11(2):188–201
Menendez JA, Dominguez A, Inguanzo M, Pis JJ (2004) Microwave pyrolysis of sewage sludge: analysis of the gas fraction. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 71(2):657–667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2003.09.003
Miandad R, Barakat MA, Aburiazaiza AS, Rehan M, Nizami AS (2016) Catalytic pyrolysis of plastic waste: a review. Process Saf Environ Prot 102:822–838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2016.06.022
Miandad R, Barakat MA, Rehan M, Aburiazaiza AS, Ismail IMI, Nizami AS (2017) Plastic waste to liquid oil through catalytic pyrolysis using natural and synthetic zeolite catalysts. Waste Manag 69:66–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.08.032
Milato JV, França RJ, Marques MRC et al (2019) (2019) Pyrolysis of oil sludge from the offshore petroleum industry: influence of different mesoporous zeolites catalysts to obtain paraffinic products. Environ Technol (UK). https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2019.1650833
Milato JV, França RJ, Marques MRC (2020a) Co-pyrolysis of oil sludge with polyolefins: evaluation of different Y zeolites to obtain paraffinic products. J Environ Chem Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.103805
Milato JV, França RJ, Rocha AS, Calderari MRCM (2020b) Catalytic co-pyrolysis of oil sludge with HDPE to obtain paraffinic products over HUSY zeolites prepared by dealumination and desilication. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 151:104928. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2020.104
Milato JV (2019) Co-pirólise catalítica da borra oleosa de petróleo com poliolefinas : aumento de mesoporos em zeólitas Y para tratamento de resíduos. UNIVERSIDADE DO ESTADO DO RIO DE JANEIRO
Miskolczi N, Angyal A, Bartha L, Valkai I (2009) Fuels by pyrolysis of waste plastics from agricultural and packaging sectors in a pilot scale reactor. Fuel Process Technol 90(7–8):1032–1040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2009.04.019
Miskolczi N, Ateş F (2016) Thermo-catalytic co-pyrolysis of recovered heavy oil and municipal plastic wastes. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 117:273–281
Miskolczi N, Sója J, Tulok E (2017) Thermo-catalytic two-step pyrolysis of real waste plastics from end of life vehicle. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 128:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2017.11.008
Moharir RV, Kumar S (2019) Challenges associated with plastic waste disposal and allied microbial routes for its effective degradation: a comprehensive review. J Clean Prod 208:65–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.059
Moltó J, Font R, Gálvez A, Muñoz M, Pequenín A (2010) Emissions of Polychlorodibenzodioxin/Furans (PCDD/Fs), Dioxin-Like Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs), Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), and volatile compounds produced in the combustion of pine needles and cones. Energy Fuels 24(2):1030–1036. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef901136r
Morgan HM, Liang J, Chen K, Yan L, Wang K, Mao H et al (2018) Bio-oil production via catalytic microwave co-pyrolysis of lignin and low density polyethylene using zinc modified lignin-based char as a catalyst. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 133:107–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2018.04.014
Mortland MM, Raman KV (1968) Surface acidity of smectites in relation to hydration, exchangeable cation, and structure. Clay Clay Minerals 16:393–398
Moshoeshoe M, Silas Nadiye-Tabbiruka M, Obuseng V (2017) A review of the chemistry, structure, properties and applications of zeolites. Am J Mater Sci 7(5):169–221
Mu L, Dong Y, Li L, Gu X, Shi Y (2021) Achieving high value utilization of bio-oil from lignin targeting for advanced lubrication. ES Mater Manuf 11(2):72–80. https://doi.org/10.30919/esmm5f1146
Mudakkar SR, Zaman K, Khan MM, Ahmad M (2013) Energy for economic growth, industrialization, environment and natural resources: living with just enough. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 25:580–595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.05.024
Nizami AS, Ouda OKM, Rehan M, El-Maghraby AMO, Gardy J, Hassanpour A et al (2016) The potential of Saudi Arabian natural zeolites in energy recovery technologies. Energy 108:162–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.07.030
Norena L, Aguilar J, Mugica V, Gutirrez M, Torres M (2012) Materials and methods for the chemical catalytic cracking of plastic waste. Mater Recycl - Trends Perspect. https://doi.org/10.5772/31705
Obeid F, Zeaiter J, Al-Muhtaseb AH, Bouhadir K (2014) Thermo-catalytic pyrolysis of waste polyethylene bottles in a packed bed reactor with different bed materials and catalysts. Energy Convers Manag 85:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.05.075
Oliveira MLD, Cabral LL, Leite MC, Marques MR (2009) Pirólise de Resíduos Poliméricos Gerados por Atividades Offshore Pyrolysis of Offshore Solid Wastes. Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia. 19(4):297–304
Olivera M, Musso M, De León A, Volonterio E, Amaya A, Tancredi N et al (2020) Catalytic assessment of solid materials for the pyrolytic conversion of low-density polyethylene into fuels. Heliyon 6(9):7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05080
Omol DK, Acaye O, Okot DF, Bongomin O (2020) Production of fuel oil from municipal plastic wastes using thermal and catalytic pyrolysis. J Energy Res Rev 4(2):1–8. https://doi.org/10.9734/jenrr/2020/v4i230120
Pan D, Su F, Liu C, Guo Z (2020) Research progress for plastic waste management and manufacture of value-added products. Adv Composites Hybrid Mater 3(4):443–461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42114-020-00190-0
Pan D, Su F, Liu H, Liu C, Umar A, Castañeda L, Guo Z (2021) Research progress on catalytic pyrolysis and reuse of waste plastics and petroleum sludge. ES Mater Manuf 11(6):3–15
Panda AK, Singh RK, Mishra DK (2010) Thermolysis of waste plastics to liquid fuel. A suitable method for plastic waste management and manufacture of value added products-a world prospective. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 14(1):233–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.07.005
Panda AK (2018) Thermo-catalytic degradation of different plastics to drop in liquid fuel using calcium bentonite catalyst. Int J Ind Chem 9(2):167–176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40090-018-0147-2
Panko J, Kreider M, Unice K (2018) Review of tire wear emissions. Non-Exhaust emissions. Elsevier, pp 147–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811770-5.00007-8
Park B-I, Bozzelli JW, Booty MR, Bernhard MJ, Mesuere K, Pettigrew CA et al (1999) Polymer pyrolysis and oxidation studies in a continuous feed and flow reactor: cellulose and polystyrene. Environ Sci Technol 33(15):2584–2592. https://doi.org/10.1021/es980796q
Patil L, Varma AK, Singh G, Mondal P (2018) Thermocatalytic degradation of high density polyethylene into liquid product. J Polym Environ 26(5):1920–1929. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-017-1088-
Paula TP, Marques, MFV, da Costa Marques, MR (2019) Influence of mesoporous structure ZSM-5 zeolite on the degradation of Urban plastics waste. J Therm Anal Calorim 138(5):3689–3699. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-019-08907-0
Pereira Netto AD, Barreto RP, Moreira JC, Arbilla G (2001) Preliminary comparison of PAH in Total suspended particulate samples taken at Niterói and Rio de Janeiro Cities, Brazil. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 66(1):36–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s0012800202
Pereira Netto AD, Moreira JC, Dias AEXO, Arbilla G, Ferreira LFV, Oliveira AS et al (2000) Avaliação da contaminação humana por hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs) e seus derivados nitrados (NHPAs): uma revisão metodológica. Quim Nova 23(6):765–773. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422000000600010
Pergher SBC, Corma A, Fornes V (1999) Materiales laminares pilareados preparación y propiedades. Quim Nova 22(5):693–709
Pergher SBC, Sprung R (2005) Pilarização de uma argila brasileira com poliidroxications de alumínio: preparação, caracterização e propriedades catalíticas Quim Nova 28(5):777–782
Pinnavaia TJ (1983) Intercalated clay catalysts. Science (80-) 220(4595):365–371. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.220.4595.365
Pinto F, Costa P, Gulyurtlu I, Cabrita I (1999) Pyrolysis of plastic wastes 2. Effect of catalyst on product yield. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 51:57–71
Qin Z, Shen B, Yu Z, Deng F, Zhao L, Zhou S, Liu H (2013) A defect-based strategy for the preparation of mesoporous zeolite y for high-performance catalytic cracking. J Catal 298:102–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2012.11.023
Rabo JA (1976) Zeolite chemistry and catalysis. American Chemical Society, Washington
Rahman M, Roy SC, Hassan MM, Mondal BK, Faruk MO, Rahman MA et al (2020) Catalytic pyrolysis of waste plastics into liquid hydrocarbon using mesoporous Kaolin clay. J Bangladesh Acad Sci 44(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.3329/jbas.v44i1.48559
Rajendran KM, Chintala V, Sharma A, Pal S, Pandey JK, Ghodke P (2020) Review of catalyst materials in achieving the liquid hydrocarbon fuels from municipal mixed plastic waste (MMPW). Mater Today Commun 24:100982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2020.100982
Ratnasari DK, Nahil MA, Williams PT (2017) Catalytic pyrolysis of waste plastics using staged catalysis for production of gasoline range hydrocarbon oils. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 124:631–637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2016.12.027
Rochman CM, Manzano C, Hentschel BT, Simonich SLM, Hoh E (2013) Polystyrene plastic: a source and sink for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the marine environment. Environ Sci Technol 47(24):13976–13984. https://doi.org/10.1021/es403605f
Rojo Camargo MC, Antoniolli PR, Vicente E (2012) Evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons content in different stages of soybean oils processing. Food Chem 135(3):937–942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.06.031
Santos PS (1989) Ciência e Tecnologia das Argila, 2a edn. Edgard Blücher Ltda, São Paulo
Schwarzenbach RP, Gschwend PM, Imboden DM (1993) Environmental organic chemistry. John Wiley & Sons, New York, p 681
Senanayake G, Das GK, De Lange A, Li JD, Robinson D J (2015) Reductive atmospheric acid leaching of lateritic smectite/nontronite ores in H2SO4/Cu (II)/SO2 solutions. Hydrometallurgy 152:44–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2014.12.001
Serra ACS, Marques MRC, Faillace JG (2020) Pillared Clays, a class of heterogeneous catalysts derived from modified clay minerals: properties and uses in waste pyrolysis. In: Blevins NR (ed) An introduction to aluminosilicates. Nova Science Publishers Inc, New York, pp 29–84
Serrano DP, Aguado J, Escola JM, Garagorri E, Rodríguez JM, Morselli L et al (2004) Feedstock recycling of agriculture plastic film wastes by catalytic cracking. Appl Catal B Environ 49(4):257–265
Serrano DP, Aguado J, Escola JM, Rodríguez JM (2005) Influence of nanocrystalline HZSM-5 external surface on the catalytic cracking of polyolefins. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 74(1–2):353–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2003.12.014
Sharuddin SDA, Abnisa F, Wan Daud WMA, Aroua MK (2016) A review on pyrolysis of plastic wastes. Energy Convers Manag 115:308–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.02.037
Shen L, Zhang D (2005) Low-temperature pyrolysis of sewage sludge and putrescible garbage for fuel oil production. Fuel 84(7–8):809–815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2004.11.024
Sikdar S, Siddaiah A, Menezes PL (2020) Conversion of waste plastic to oils for tribological applications. Lubricants. https://doi.org/10.3390/LUBRICANTS8080078
Silva DC, Silva AA, Melo CF, Marques MRC (2017) Production of oil with potential energetic use by catalytic co-pyrolysis of oil sludge from offshore petroleum industry. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 124:290–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2017.01.021
Silva JB, Cabral GG, Araújo MD, Caldeira VP, Coriolano AC, Fernandes VJ Jr, Araújo AS (2021) Catalytic pyrolysis of atmospheric residue of petroleum using pillared interlayed clay containing lanthanum and aluminum polyhydroxications (LaAl13-PILC). Pet Sci Technol 39(17–18):704–717. https://doi.org/10.1080/10916466.2021.1961804
Silvério FO, Barbosa LCA, Piló-Veloso D (2008) Pyrolysis as an analytical technique. Quim Nova 31(6):1543–1552. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422008000600045
Singh MV (2021) Conversions of waste tube-tyres (WTT) and waste polypropylene (WPP) into diesel fuel through catalytic pyrolysis using base SrCO3. Eng Sci 13:87–97
Singhabhandhu A, Tezuka T (2010) The waste-to-energy framework for integrated multi-waste utilization: Waste cooking oil, waste lubricating oil, and waste plastics. Energy 35(6):2544–2551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2010.03.001
Stefanidis SD, Kalogiannis KG, Iliopoulou EF, Michailof CM, Pilavachi PA, Lappas AA (2014) A study of lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis via the pyrolysis of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 105:143–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2013.10.013
Sun B, Khan FA, Süss-Fink G, Therrien B (2017) Metal catalysts intercalated in smectite clays. In: Sadjadi S, Fedor J (eds) Encapsulated catalysts. Academic Press, pp 387–441. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803836-9.00012-2
Teixeira-neto É, Teixeira-neto AA (2009) Modificação química de argilas: desafios científicos e tecnológicos para obtenção de novos produtos com maior valor agregado. Quim Nova 32(3):809–817
Thant A, Hmwe CSS (2018) Study on the catalytic effect of nitric acid activated Myanmar natural clay for the degradation of plastic wastes. Eur J Eng Res Sci 3(8):56
Tomul F (2016) The effect of ultrasonic treatment on iron-chromium pillared bentonite synthesis and catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of phenol. Appl Clay Sci 120:121–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2015.11.007
Uddin MK (2017) A review on the adsorption of heavy metals by clay minerals, with special focus on the past decade [Internet]. Chem Eng J 308:438–462
Uzair MA, Waqas A, Khoja AH, Ahmed N (2016) Experimental study of catalytic degradation of polypropylene by acid-activated clay and performance of Ni as a promoter. Energy Sources Part A Recover Util Environ Eff 38(24):3618–3624
Valdés MG, Pérez-Cordoves AI, Díaz-García ME (2006) Zeolites and zeolite-based materials in analytical chemistry. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 25(1):24–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2005.04.016
Valenzuela Díaz FR, de Santos PS (2001) Studies on the acid activation of Brazilian smectitic clays. Quim Nova 24(3):345–353
Vicente MA, Gil A, Bergaya F (2013) Pillared clays and clay minerals. In: Bergaya F, Lagaly G (eds) Handbook of clay science developments in clay science, vol 5A, 2nd edn. Elsevier Ltd, pp 523–557
Vijeata A, Chaudhary GR, Umar A, Chaudhary S (2021) Distinctive solvatochromic response of fluorescent carbon dots derived from different components of aegle marmelos plant. Eng Sci 15:197–209
Vyas S, Shukla A, Shivhare SJ, Bagal S, Upadhyay N (2021) High performance conducting nanocomposites polyaniline (PANI)-CuO with enhanced antimicrobial activity for biomedical applications. ES Mater Manuf 15:46–52
Walendziewski J (2006) Thermal and catalytic conversion of polyolefins. In: Scheirs J, Kaminsky W (eds) Feedstock recycling and pyrolysis of waste plastics: converting waste plastics into diesel and other fuels. John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Wang B, Lu L, Ge B, Chen S, Zhu J, Wei D (2019) Hydrophobic and hierarchical modification of TS-1 and application for propylene epoxidation. J Porous Mater 26(1):227–237. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10934-018-0647-7
Wang J, Levendis YA, Richter H, Howard JB, Carlson J (2001) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and particulate emissions from two-stage combustion of polystyrene: the effect of the primary furnace temperature. Environ Sci Technol 35(17):3541–3552. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0105109
Wang K, Kim KH, Brown RC (2014) Catalytic pyrolysis of individual components of lignocellulosic biomass. Green Chem 16(2):727–735. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3GC41288A
Wang Z, Gong Z, Wang Z, Li X, Chu Z (2020) Application and development of pyrolysis technology in petroleum oily sludge treatment. Environ Eng Res 26(1):2. https://doi.org/10.4491/eer.2019.460
Weckhuysen BM, Yu J (2015) Recent advances in zeolite chemistry and catalysis. Chem Soc Rev 44(20):7022–7024. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5cs90100f
Widiastuti N, Wu H, Ang HM, Zhang D (2011) Removal of ammonium from greywater using natural zeolite. Desalination 277(1–3):15–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.03.030
Williams PT, Williams EA (1999) Fluidised bed pyrolysis of low density polyethylene to produce petrochemical feedstock. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis [internet] 51(1–2):107–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-2370(99)00011-X
Xu D, Huang G, Guo L, Chen Y, Ding C, Liu C (2022) Enhancement of catalytic combustion and thermolysis for treating polyethylene plastic waste. Adv Composites Hybrid Mater 5(1):113–129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42114-021-00317-x
Xu F, Wang B, Yang D, Ming X, Jiang Y, Hao J et al (2018) TG-FTIR and Py-GC/MS study on pyrolysis mechanism and products distribution of waste bicycle tire. Energy Convers Manag 175:288–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.09.013
Xu M, Liu H, Zhao H, Li W (2014) Effect of oily sludge on the rheological characteristics of coke-water slurry. Fuel 116:261–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.07.114
Xue Y, Kelkar A, Bai X (2016) Catalytic co-pyrolysis of biomass and polyethylene in a tandem micropyrolyzer. Fuel [internet] 166:227–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.10.125
Yang P, Zhou P, Li Y, Qu C, Zhang N (2018) Recent development in pyrolytic catalysts of oil sludge. Petrol Sci Tech 36(7):520–524. https://doi.org/10.1080/10916466.2018.1431661
Zander M (1980) Polycyclic aromatic and heteroaromatic hydrocarbons. Springer, pp 109–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-38522-6_3
Zeng L, Wang Y, Mou J, Liu F, Yang C, Zhao T, Cao J (2020a) Promoted catalytic behavior over γ-Al2O3 composited with ZSM-5 for crude methanol conversion to dimethyl ether. Int J Hydrogen Energy 45(33):16500–16508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.04.115
Zeng L, Wang Y, Mou J, Liu F, Yang C, Zhao T et al (2020b) Promoted catalytic behavior over γ-Al2O3 composited with ZSM-5 for crude methanol conversion to dimethyl ether. Int J Hydrogen Energy 45(33):16500–16508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.04.115
Zhang X, Lei H, Yadavalli G, Zhu L, Wei Y, Liu Y (2015) Gasoline-range hydrocarbons produced from microwave-induced pyrolysis of low-density polyethylene over ZSM-5. Fuel [internet] 144:33–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.12.013
Zhao S, Pei L, Li H, Ma Y, Lian Q, Zhou S, Wang Z (2021) Research progress in toughening modification of polybenzoxazine. Eng Sci 14:14–26
Zhou H, Wu C, Onwudili JA, Meng A, Zhang Y, Williams PT (2015) Effect of interactions of PVC and biomass components on the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) during fast co-pyrolysis. RSC Adv 5(15):11371–11377. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA10639C
Acknowledgements
We thank Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) by financial support. We would like to thank Marcos José Ferreira in memoriam for his contributions writing this review.
Funding
This is funded by CAPES, Finance Code 001.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Serra, A.C.S., Milato, J.V., Faillace, J.G. et al. Reviewing the use of zeolites and clay based catalysts for pyrolysis of plastics and oil fractions. Braz. J. Chem. Eng. 40, 287–319 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43153-022-00254-2
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43153-022-00254-2