Abstract
Highly weathered soils of the humid tropics generally provide a poor mineral reserve of potassium (K), but evidence has been found which indicates that even in such soils non-exchangeable forms of K can be made plant available and this warrants further investigation. The objective of this study was, therefore, to determine the extent to which K can be released from poorly available reserves over a long period of time. The focus was on an Oxisol in southern Brazil cultivated for 32 years with a rotation of soybeans (Glycine max L.), maize (Zea mays L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and oats (Avena strigosa L.) with and without K fertilization. Mineral sources of K were identified by X-ray diffraction and by sequential chemical extraction from the clay fraction. The amounts of K-bearing mineral species and the amounts of total and plant-available K were quantified, then the effects of the long-term K-fertilization regime on these values were evaluated. The clay fraction was dominated by hematite, gibbsite, and phyllosilicates such as kaolinite. These minerals were unaffected by the K deprivation in the cropping systems, but in the clay fraction the absence of K fertilization for 32 years reduced the structural order of the 2:1 phyllosilicates associated with K reserves. This effect was most prominent in the root zone of the soil. Deprivation of K for more than three decades decreased the crystallinity of 2:1 phyllosilicates, which could be better evaluated from XRD patterns after the removal of kaolinite and Fe (oxyhydr)oxides. The K-free cultivation reduced the amounts of total soil K by increasing the depletion of K from pools that typically are poorly accessible to plants.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors acknowledge the ‘Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel’ (CAPES) and the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP, project # 2015/18952-3) for the Masters Fellowship awarded to R.F. Firmano and for financial support; they are also grateful to the Brazilian Agriculture Research Corporation – Soybeans Center, for access to the area for the experiment.
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This study was supported by the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP), processes #2015/18952-3 and #2015/19121-8).
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(Received 8 May 2019; revised 17 April 2020; AE: Deb P. Jaisi)
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Firmano, R.F., Melo, V.F., Montes, C.R. et al. POTASSIUM RESERVES IN THE CLAY FRACTION OF A TROPICAL SOIL FERTILIZED FOR THREE DECADES. Clays Clay Miner. 68, 237–249 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42860-020-00078-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42860-020-00078-6