Abstract
A “micro-grid to users” Stackelberg game method with electric vehicles (EVs) is constructed with the aim of addressing the problem of unstable generation of renewable energy. Micro-grids set charging electricity prices and EV discharging electricity prices based on the supply and demand of electrical energy to achieve maximum benefits. The user as a follower formulates the electricity consumption and discharge strategy according to the electricity price to achieve the highest electricity satisfaction and the lowest cost. This proves theoretically that only one Stackelberg equilibrium exists in this game. The feasibility of the method is verified through numerical simulation and the advantages of the proposed method are analysed.
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Funding
This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61672371, 61803279), Open Project Funding from Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Intelligent Building and Building Energy Saving, Anhui Jianzhu University (Grant No. IBES2018KF03) and Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (Grant No. BK20170342).
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Appendix: Nomenclature
Appendix: Nomenclature
\({P}_{WT}\) | Output power of wind turbine |
|---|---|
\({v}_{ci}\) | Cut-in wind speed |
\({v}_{co}\) | Cut-out wind speed |
\({v}_{r}\) | Rated wind speed |
\({P}_{r}\) | Rated output power |
\({P}_{PV}\) | Output power of photovoltaic |
\({P}_{STC}\) | Maximum power under standard test conditions |
\({G}_{STC}\) | Light condition under standard test conditions |
\({T}_{r}\) | Temperature under standard test conditions |
\({G}_{AC}\) | Current lighting conditions |
\({T}_{C}\) | Operating temperature of the photovoltaic array |
\({k}_{s}\) | Power temperature coefficient |
\({D}_{iesel}\) | Fuel consumption of the diesel generator per unit time |
\({P}_{DG}\) | Output power of diesel generator |
\({P}_{DG-rated}\) | Rated power of diesel generator |
\({C}_{i}\) | Power coefficients |
\({P}_{c}\)/\({P}_{evc}\) | Charge power |
\({P}_{d}\)/\({P}_{evd}\) | Discharge power |
\({\eta }_{soc}\)/\({\eta }_{evsoc}\) | State of charge |
\(\Delta t\) | Battery charge and discharge time |
\({E}_{C}\) | Rated capacity of the battery |
\({s}_{t}\) | User utility function |
\({p}_{gt}\) | Actual power load of the user |
\({q}_{t}\) | Power demand of the user |
\({v}_{t}\) | User's purchase price from the micro-grid |
\(\mu \) | Power satisfaction weight coefficient |
\({\alpha }_{t}\) | Power shortage sensitivity coefficient |
\({c}_{t}\) | User discharge utility function |
\({v}_{s t}\) | Price of electricity sold by the user to the micro-grid |
\({P}_{evd t}\) | User's discharge load on the micro-grid |
\({\eta }_{evsoc t-1}{E}_{evC}\) | Remaining power of the user's electric vehicle in the previous period |
\(\beta \) | Discharge electricity price influence coefficient |
\({u}_{1}\) | User utility function |
\({C}_{d}\) | Cost of purchasing electricity from the micro-grid to the power grid |
\({C}_{m}\) | Maintenance cost of renewable energy generators and storage equipment |
\({C}_{DG}\) | Fuel consumption cost of diesel generators |
\({P}_{i,t}\) | Output power of the i-th generation equipment during \(t\) period |
\({K}_{i}\) | Maintenance coefficient of the i-th generation equipment |
\({kC}_{1}\)/\({kC}_{2}\) | Fuel consumption prices of diesel generators |
\({P}_{evd t}\) | Loads purchased from electric vehicles by micro-grid |
\({V}_{t}\) | Price of the load purchased from the power grid by the micro-grid |
\({V}_{st}\) | Price of the load sold to electric vehicles by the microgrid |
\({P}_{GC t}\) | Loads purchased from the power grid by the micro-grid |
\(\Delta {P}_{t}\) | Load difference of micro-grid power generation |
\(R\) | Number of renewable energy power generation equipment |
\(S\) | Number of diesel generators |
\(X\) | Number of lead-acid batteries |
\(N\) | Number of users |
\({P}_{c i,t}\) | Charging power of the i-th energy storage device |
\({P}_{d i,t}\) | Discharging power of the i-th energy storage device |
\({W}_{D}\) | Revenue from the sale of electricity from the micro-grid to the power grid |
\({W}_{users}\) | Revenue from the electricity supply from the micro-grid to users |
\({{V}_{t}}^{{\prime}}\) | Purchase price of electricity from one MG to another |
γ | Electric vehicle purchase coefficient |
\(\omega \) | Electricity consumption coefficient of the users |
\({P}_{GD t}\) | Loads sold to the power grid by the microgrid |
\({P}_{WTMax t}\) | Maximum allowable output power of the wind turbine at time \(t\) |
\({P}_{PVMax t}\) | Maximum allowable output power of the photovoltaic array at time \(t\) |
\({P}_{DG-rated t}\) | Rated power of the diesel generator at time \(t\) |
\({\eta }_{evsoc t-1}\) | Percentage of the remaining battery power at time \(t-1\) |
\({P}_{ev MAX}\) | Maximum charging power of the electric vehicle |
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Fu, B., Chen, M., Fei, Z. et al. Research on the Stackelberg Game Method of Building Micro-grid with Electric Vehicles. J. Electr. Eng. Technol. 16, 1637–1649 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42835-021-00677-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42835-021-00677-w