Abstract
Descurainia sophia has potential use as an oil crop because of its high productivity, high seed oil content, and unique fatty acid composition. With regard to oil fatty acid composition, obtainable oil from this plant can be of interest to the food and non-food industries such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, bio-fuels, paints, and lubricants. The aim of this research was to determine the effects of various nitrogen (N) rates and different irrigation regimes on oil productivity and composition as well as on potassium (K) and phosphorus (P) parameters in D. sophia. The field experiment was arranged as split-plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plots were three irrigation regimes: 0.1 maximum allowable depletion or deficiency (MAD) of available soil water (ASW) (I1), 0.2 MAD of ASW (I2), and 0.4 MAD of ASW (I4) in 2010 and 0.2 MAD of ASW (I2), 0.4 MAD of ASW (I4), and 0.8 MAD of ASW (I8) in 2011. Sub-plots were three N rates: 0 (N0), 200 (N200), and 300 (N300) kg N ha−1. In the first year, there was no significant difference between irrigation regimes in terms of oil yield, while oil yield decreased when plants were exposed to drought stress in comparison with the well-water condition in the second year. The application of N increased oil yield; although there were no significant differences between N200 and N300 under any irrigation regime, the highest oil yield being observed at N application rate of 200 kg ha−1 for the I1 (561.4 kg ha−1) and I2 (256.1 kg ha−1) regimes in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Accumulation (per ha) of 21.9–29.7 kg P (50–68 kg P2O5) and 102.1–126.3 kg K (123–152 kg K2O) was required to produce 256.1–561.4 kg ha−1 of oil yield. Overall, for most of the traits studied over the 2 years, the response of D. sophia was mainly due to N rate rather than irrigation treatment. Linolenic, linoleic, and oleic acids comprised about 70% of the fatty acid composition. The results obtained here suggest that D. sophia oil yield, P and K uptakes, and levels of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids are positively influenced by increasing available N under different irrigation regimes.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aghdasi S, Aghaalikhani M, Modarres-Sanavy SAM, Kahrizi D (2021) Exogenously used boron and 24-epibrassinolide improved oil quality and mitigate late-season water deficit stress in camelina. Ind Crops Prod 171:113885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113885
Ahmadi L, Shahmir F (2016) Physical characteristics of peanut butter influenced by fully hydrogenated flixweed seed oil (Descurainia sophia L.) as a stabilizer. J Am Oil Chem Soc 93:743–746. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-016-2818-5
Al-Rumikhani YA (2002) Effect of crop sequence, soil sample location and depth on soil water holding capacity under center pivot irrigation. Agric Water Manag 55:93–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3774(01)00190-1
Amiri S, Eyni-Nargeseh H, Rahimi-Moghaddam S, Azizi Kh (2021) Water use efficiency of chickpea agro-ecosystems will be boosted by positive effects of CO2 and using suitable genotype × environment × management under climate change conditions. Agric Water Manag 252:106928. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2021.106928
Amiri-Darban N, Nourmohammadi Gh, Shirani Rad AH, Mirhadi SMJ, MajidiHeravan I (2020) Potassium sulfate and ammonium sulfate affect quality and quantity of camelina oil grown with different irrigation regimes. Ind Crop Prod 148:112308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112308
Ashraf M, Ali Q, Iqbal Z (2006) Effect of nitrogen application rate on the content and composition of oil, essential oil and minerals in black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) seeds. J Sci Food Agric 86:871–876. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2426
Behera SK, Panda RK (2009) Integrated management of irrigation water and fertilizers for wheat crop using field experiments and simulation modeling. Agric Water Manag 96:1532–1540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2009.06.016
Bekker NP, Ulʹchenko NT, Glushenkova AI (2005) Lipids from Descurainia sophia seeds. Chem Nat Compd 41:346–347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10600-005-0146-3
Bista DR, Heckathorn SA, Jayawardena DM, Mishra S, Boldt JK (2018) Effects of drought on nutrient uptake and the levels of nutrient-uptake proteins in roots of drought-sensitive and -tolerant grasses. Plants (Basel) 7(2):28. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants7020028
Cook HW, McMaster CR (2002) Fatty acid desaturation and chain elongation in eukaryotes. In: Vance DE, Vance JE (eds) Biochemistry of lipids, lipoproteins and membranes. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, pp 181–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-7306(02)36009-5
Davis BC, Kris-Etherton PM (2003) Achieving optimal essential fatty acid status in vegetarians: current knowledge and practical implications. Am J Clin Nutr 78:640S-646S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/78.3.640S
Eyni-Nargeseh H, Aghaalikhani M, Shirani Rad AH, Mokhtassi-Bidgoli A, ModaresSanavy SAM (2020) Late season deficit irrigation for water-saving: selection of rapeseed (Brassica napus) genotypes based on quantitative and qualitative features. Arch Agron Soil Sci 66:126–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2019.1602866
Feizabadi A, Noormohammadi Gh, Fatehi F (2020) Changes in growth, physiology, and fatty acid profile of rapeseed cultivars treated with vermicompost under drought stress. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-020-00353-4
GhasemiSiani N, Fallah S, Tadayyon A (2014) Effect of different n fertilizer combinations and irrigation regimes on concentration, uptake and efficiency of major nutrients in Plantago ovata. J Med Plants By-prod 2:117–125
Ghasemnezhad A, Honermeier B (2008) Yield, oil constituents, and protein content of evening primrose (Oenothera biennis L.) seeds depending on harvest time, harvest method and nitrogen application. Ind Crop Prod 28:17–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2007.12.006
Hosni K, Jemli M, Dziri S, M’rabet Y, Ennigrou A, Sghaier A, Casabianca H, Vulliet E, Ben Brahim N, Sebei H (2011) Changes in phytochemical, antimicrobial and free radical scavenging activities of the Peruvian pepper tree (Schinus molle L.) as influenced by fruit maturation. Ind Crop Prod 34:1622–1628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.06.004
Jackson GD (2000) Effects of nitrogen and sulfur on canola yield and nutrient uptake. Agron J 92:644–649. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2000.924644x
Keshavarz H (2020) Study of water deficit conditions and beneficial microbes on the oil quality and agronomic traits of canola (Brassica napus L.). Grasasy Aceites 71(3). https://doi.org/10.3989/gya.0572191
Lajara JR, Diaz U, Diaz Q (1990) Definite influence of localization and climatic conditions on fatty acid composition of sunflower seed oil. J Am Oil Chem Soc 67:618–623. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02540410
Landau CA, Schutte BJ, Mesbah AO, Angadi SV (2017) Flixweed (Descurainia sophia) shade tolerance and possibilities for flixweed management using rapeseed seeding rate. Weed Technol 31:477–486. https://doi.org/10.1017/wet.2017.33
Laribi B, Bettaieb I, Kouki K, Sahli A, Mougou A, Marzouk B (2009) Water deficit effects on caraway (Carum carvi L.) growth, essential oil and fatty acid composition. Ind Crop Prod 30:372–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2009.07.005
Li W, Liu X, Khan MA, Kamiya Y, Yamaguchi S (2005) Hormonal and environmental regulation of seed germination in flixweed (Descurainia sophia). Plant Growth Regul 45:199–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-005-4116-3
Martin DL, Stegman EC, Freres E (1990) Irrigation scheduling princi-ples. In: Hoffman GL, Howell TA, Solomon KH (eds) Manage-ment of farm irrigation systems. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St Joseph, MI, pp 155–372
Mehrparvar M, Rokhzadi A, Mohammadi K (2021) Reduced n application rate in sunflower production through supplying P and K need and dense-planting: a modeling and optimization approach by RSM. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 21:1353–1367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-021-00445-9
Metcalf LC, Schmitz AA, Pelka JR (1966) Rapid preparation of fatty acid esters from lipids for gas chromatographic analysis. Anal Chem 38:514–515. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60235a044
Mokhtassi-Bidgoli A, AghaAlikhani M, Nassiri-Mahallati M, Zand E, Gonzalez-Andujar JL, Azari A (2013) Agronomic performance, seed quality and nitrogen uptake of Descurainia sophia in response to different nitrogen rates and water regimes. Ind Crop Prod 44:583–592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.09.018
Movahhedy-Dehnavy M, Modarres-Sanavy SAM, Mokhtassi-Bidgoli A (2009) Foliar application of zinc and manganese improves seed yield and quality of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) grown under water deficit stress. Ind Crop Prod 30:82–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2009.02.004
Nasiroleslami E, Mozafari H, Sadeghi-Shoae M, Habibi D, Sani B (2021) Changes in yield, protein, minerals, and fatty acid profile of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under fertilizer management involving application of nitrogen, humic acid, and seaweed extract. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-021-00552-7
O’Brien EE, Brown JS (2008) Games roots play: effects of soil volume and nutrients. J Ecol 96:438–446. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01354.x
Pashang D, Weisany W, Ghajar FGK (2021) Changes in the fatty acid and morphophysiological traits of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) cultivars as response to auxin under water-deficit stress. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 21:2164–2177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-021-00512-1
Peng L, Yi Y, Fu-li G, Ze-qü L (1997) A preliminary study on the introduction of Descurainia sophia, an oil plant species for industrial uses. Acta Bot Sin 39:477–479
Rahimi-Moghaddam S, Deihimfard R, Azizi Kh, Roostaei M (2021) Characterizing spatial and temporal trends in drought patterns of rainfed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) across various climatic conditions: a modelling approach. Eur J Agron 129:126333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2021.126333
Shirani Rad AH, Ganj-Abadi F, Jalili EO, Eyni-Nargeseh H, SafaviFard N (2021) Zn foliar spray as a management strategy boosts oil qualitative and quantitative traits of spring rapeseed genotypes at winter sowing dates. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 21:1610–1620. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-021-00465-5
Sipalova M, Losak T, Hlusek J, Vollmann J, Hudec J, Filipcik R, Macek M, Kracmar S (2011) Fatty acid composition of Camelina sativa as affected by combined nitrogen and sulphur fertilization. Afr J Agric Res 6:3919–3923. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR11.646
Soil Survey Staff (2014) Keys to soil taxonomy, 12th edn. USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, DC
Tandon HLS (1995) Methods of analysis of soils, plants, waters and fertilisers. Fertilisers Development and Consultation Organisation, New Delhi
Welch RW, Leggett JM (1997) Nitrogen content, oil content and oil composition of oat cultivars (A. sativa) and wild Avena species in relation to nitrogen fertility, yield and partitioning of assimilates. J Cereal Sci 26:105–120. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcrs.1996.0109
Yeilaghi H, Arzani A, Ghaderian M, Fotovat R, Feizi M, Pourdad SS (2012) Effect of salinity on seed oil content and fatty acid composition of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) genotypes. Food Chem 130:618–625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.07.085
Zanetti F, Vamerali T, Mosca G (2009) Yield and oil variability in modern varieties of high-erucic winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. var. oleifera) and Ethiopian mustard (Brassic carinata A. Braun) under reduced agricultural inputs. Ind Crop Prod 30:265–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2009.05.002
Zheljazkov VD, Vick BA, Baldwin BS, Buehring N, Astatkie T, Johnson B (2009) Oil content and saturated fatty acids in sunflower as a function of planting date, nitrogen rate, and hybrid. Agron J 101:1003–1011. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2009.0011
Zheljazkov VD, Vick BA, Ebelhar MW, Buehring N, Astatkie T (2012) Nitrogen applications modify seed and oil yields and fatty acid composition of winter mustard. Ind Crop Prod 36:28–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.08.002
Acknowledgements
This study is a part of a Ph.D. dissertation, financially supported by Tarbiat Modares University, Iran.
Funding
The first author received support from Tarbiat Modares University for the submitted work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Ali Mokhtassi-Bidgoli: conceptualization, methodology, field practices, writing—original draft preparation; Majid AghaAlikhani: conceptualization, methodology, project administration; Hamed Eyni-Nargeseh: formal analysis, writing—original draft preparation.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mokhtassi-Bidgoli, A., AghaAlikhani, M. & Eyni-Nargeseh, H. Effects of Nitrogen and Water on Nutrient Uptake, Oil Productivity, and Composition of Descurainia sophia. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 22, 59–70 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-021-00633-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-021-00633-7