Abstract
Phosphorus (P) will be exhausted, and its recovery and cycling will play a pivotal role in agricultural systems. Different technologies have been developed to recover P from waste materials, such as mono-incineration, acid digestion, and coprecipitation of P from wastewaters. The aim of this study was to assess the plant availability of P from different recycled P products by using a sequential chemical P fractionation of soil P and to study the fate of P applied to the soil. We evaluated the plant P availability in soils fertilized with eight recycled P products in comparison with two commercial fertilizers (triple superphosphate [TSP] and rock phosphate [Rock-P]) by means of a sequential chemical extraction of soil P and combined this data with previously published information for soil isotopically exchangeable P (IEP) and P uptake by plants (PU). We sequentially extracted inorganic P with alkaline extractants and an acid solution and analyzed the increase in P fractions caused by the application of different fertilizers. P extracted by alkali solutions was positively correlated with the IEP and with PU, whereas P extracted by the acid solution was negatively correlated with these parameters. In soils fertilized with recycled P products obtained by a chemical procedure (magnesium-ammonium-phosphate), soil P was extracted mainly by alkali extractants, while in soils fertilized with P products obtained by thermal procedures (i.e. sewage sludge ashes), soil P was extracted by the acid solution and was of low plant availability. Sequential chemical fractionation of soil P is suitable for characterizing the plant availability of P from recycled P products. The increase in the alkali soluble fraction in soil characterizes the portion of P available to plants, while the acid soluble fraction characterizes the recalcitrant portion. Phosphorus from fertilizers obtained by chemical procedures, like magnesium-ammonium-phosphate, is mainly extracted by alkali solutions and is comparable to water-soluble P fertilizers, while P from products obtained by thermal processes is mainly extracted by acid solutions and remains mostly unavailable to plants.
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Acknowledgments
We thank Susanne Koch, Marlies Niebuhr, Jürgen Kobbe, and Reinhard Hilmer for their extensive help during the experiments and Dr. Helen Lowry for language editing.
Funding
This project was supported by the Federal Ministry of Environment and the Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Germany (Project code: 02WA0786).
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Cabeza, R.A., Steingrobe, B. & Claassen, N. Phosphorus Fractionation in Soils Fertilized with Recycled Phosphorus Products. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 19, 611–619 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-019-00061-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-019-00061-8