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Toxicity and Electrochemical Detection of Lead, Cadmium and Nitrite Ions by Organic Conducting Polymers: A Review

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Abstract

Water pollution by heavy metals and nitrite ions is a public health concern around the world because they can degrade the quality of drinking water and cause serious diseases. Lead and cadmium are probably the most dangerous heavy metals. Indeed, lead contamination can affect fertility and pregnancy, cause infantile diseases and other mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. Exposure to cadmium can cause death in mammals, and nitrite ions are also very harmful. For all these reasons, it is necessary to find effective techniques to quantify the levels of these pollutants. Recently, there is great hope in the use of organic conducting polymers in the field of heavy metals detection. In this review, we presented studies of the toxicity of several heavy metals and nitrite ions and on their impact on the environment and human health. Also, the recent developments in the use of OCPs and their application in the detection of heavy metals and nitrite ions have been examined.

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Fig. 1

Reprinted from Wei et al. [82], Copyright 2013, with permission from Elsevier

Fig. 2

Reprinted from Huang et al. [87], Copyright 2016, with permission from Elsevier

Fig. 3

(Reproduced from Ref. [117] with permission from The Royal Society of Chemistry)

Fig. 4

Reprinted from Guo et al. [120], Copyright 2005, with permission from Elsevier

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Abbreviations

ABS:

Benzenesulfonic acid

AES:

Atomic emission spectroscopy

AP:

Aminophenyl

ATT:

5-Amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol

AuNP:

Gold nanoparticles

AuNP:

Gold nanoparticles

AuNPs:

Gold nanoparticles

BIA:

Batch injection analysis

Fbg:

Fibrinogen

BiFE:

Bismuth films electrodes

BMP:

1-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium

ChA:

Chronoamperometry

CG:

Carboxyl graphene

CNFs:

Carbon nanofibers

CNTs:

Carbon nanotubes

Co-NS:

Cobalt nanostructures

CPE:

Carbon pencil electrode

CQDs:

Carbon quantum dots

CS:

Chitosan

CV:

Cyclic voltammetry

DAN:

Diaminonaphthalene

DPASV:

Differential pulse-anodic stripping voltammetry

DPV:

Differential pulse voltammetry

EMIM:

1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium

f-MWCNT:

Functionalized MWCNT

FMWCNTs:

Acid functionalized MWCNTs

FAAS:

Flame-atomic absorption spectrometry

GO:

Graphene oxide

GCE:

Glassy carbon electrodes

IARC:

International Agency for Research on Cancer

ICP:

Inductively induced plasma

ITO:

Indium-doped tin oxide

LOD(s):

Limit(s) of detection

LSV:

Linear sweep voltammetry

MAS:

Molecular absorption spectrometry

MES:

2-Mercaptoethanesulfonate

MS:

Mass spectrometry

MWNT(s):

Multi-walled nanotube(s)

NA:

Nafion

nHAp:

Nano-sized hydroxyapatite

OCPs:

Organic conducting polymers

OD:

1,8-Octanediamine

OES:

Optical emission spectroscopy

OMt:

Organophilic montmorillonite clay

PA:

Phytic acid

PANI:

Polyaniline

PANI-ES:

Emeraldine salt polyaniline

PANI-GO:

Polyaniline/graphene oxide

PANI-NTS:

Size-tunable polyaniline nanotubes

PAOA:

Poly(aniline-co-o-aminophenol)

P(DPA):

Polydiphenylamine

P(DPA-co-2ABN):

Poly(diphenylamine-co-2-aminobenzonitrile)

PEDOT:

Poly(ethylenedioxythiophene)

PGE:

Pencil graphite electrode

PHA:

1H-Pyrrole-1-hexanoic acid

PLG:

Pencil lead graphite

PProDOT:

Polypropylenedioxythiophene

PPy:

Polypyrrole

PPy/CNSs:

Polypyrrole/carbonaceous nanospheres

PPy-GO:

Polypyrrole/graphene oxide

PS:

Polystyrene

PTB:

Poly(toluidine blue)

PVF+:

Poly(vinylferrocenium)

rGO:

Reduced graphene oxide

SDS:

Sodium dodecyl sulfate

SPE:

Screen printed electrode

SWASV:

Square wave anodic stripping voltammetry

SWV:

Square wave voltammetry

TFSA:

Bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide

UiO-66-NH2:

Zr/2-Amino-terephthalate metal–organic framework

WHO:

World Health Organization

ZIF:

Zeolitic imidazolate framework

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Acknowledgements

The Tunisian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research (Lab. LR99ES15) and the Tunisian PRF program for financial support (NanoFastResponse ref. PRF2017-D4P1 and SmartBioSens ref. PRFCOV19-D2P2) are gratefully acknowledged. The authors are grateful to the International Science Program (ISP), University of Uppsala (Sweden) for its financial support through the African Network of Electroanalytical Chemists (ANEC) and to TWAS, the World Academy of Science for the Advancement of Science in developing countries for financial and material support (TWAS RGA no. 16-499RG/CHE/AF/AC_G–FR3240293299).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Organic Physical Chemistry and Environmental Analyses, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal

    Mohamed Lamine Sall, Balla Fall, Ismaila Diédhiou, El Hadji Dièye, Momath Lo, Abdou Karim Diagne Diaw, Diariatou Gningue-Sall & Modou Fall

  2. Sensors and Biosensors Group, Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry Lab (LR99ES15), University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia

    Noureddine Raouafi

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  1. Mohamed Lamine Sall
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  2. Balla Fall
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Sall, M.L., Fall, B., Diédhiou, I. et al. Toxicity and Electrochemical Detection of Lead, Cadmium and Nitrite Ions by Organic Conducting Polymers: A Review. Chemistry Africa 3, 499–512 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42250-020-00157-0

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