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The influence of fly ash and blast furnace slag on the compressive strength of high-performance concrete (HPC) for sustainable structures

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Abstract

The development of high-performance concrete (HPC) has shown a revolution in the built environment in terms sustainability and performance. In this research paper, the compressive strength of HPC mixed with fly ash (FA) and slag was predicted with machine learning (ML) techniques, which are the genetic programming (GP), artificial neural network (ANN), and the evolutionary polynomial regression (EPR). 1030 data entries of the HPC with cement, water, FA, Slag, superplasticizer (PL), curing age (A), fine aggregate (FAg) and coarse aggregate (CAg) as variables were divided into 80% and 20% for training and validation, respectively. The results show that the GP with line fit of y = 0.986 × has less outliers away from the ± 25% of the best fit than the EPR, which has the highest outliers while performing with a fit line of y = 0.961x. This behavior also shows in their performance indices: R2, MAE and RMSE. However, the ANN as the best model has a fit line of y = 0.988 × with the best performance in terms of R2 of 0.934, MAE of 3.14 MPa, MSE of 17.44 MPa and RMSE of 4.18 MPa. The compared accuracies agree with the indices of the model performance. In addition, the ANN has the best consistent variance between model and measured values. This also shows its superiority over the GP and the EPR. These performances shown in these models agree with previous research works, which had studied the behavior of the HPC. The authors can propose that the best model can be a decisive model in the design of the behavior of the HPC especially its compressive strength for sustainable structures.

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The data with which this research work was performed have been reported in this research manuscript.

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Funding

The authors received no external funding for this research work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria

    Kennedy C. Onyelowe

  2. Department of Civil Engineering, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo, Egypt

    Ahmed M. Ebid

Authors
  1. Kennedy C. Onyelowe
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  2. Ahmed M. Ebid
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Contributions

K.C.O. concetualized, K.C.O. and A.M.E. wrote the main manuscript text and prepared the figures. Both authors reviewed the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Kennedy C. Onyelowe.

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Appendix

Appendix

See Tables 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.

Table 1 The utilized database
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Table 2 Statistical analysis of collected database
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Table 3 Pearson correlation matrix
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Table 4 Weights matrix for the developed ANN
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Table 5 Accuracies of developed models
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Onyelowe, K.C., Ebid, A.M. The influence of fly ash and blast furnace slag on the compressive strength of high-performance concrete (HPC) for sustainable structures. Asian J Civ Eng 25, 861–882 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42107-023-00817-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42107-023-00817-9

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