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Evaluation of Nutrient Removal and Biomass Production Through Mixotrophic, Heterotrophic, and Photoautotrophic Cultivation of Chlorella in Nitrate and Ammonium Wastewater

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Abstract

In this study, the effect of mixotrophic, heterotrophic, photoautotrophic (CO2 of air source), and photoautotrophic (bicarbonate source) cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris was investigated on microalgae growth rate and nutrient removal under different kinds of nitrogen sources. The highest N–NH3+, N–NO3−, P–PO43− (in ammonium source), and P–PO43− (in nitrate source) removal efficiency (87.28 ± 0.89, 70.00 ± 1.20, 87.00 ± 3.10, and 78.10 ± 1.95%, respectively) was reached in the mixotrophic culture. In all cultivations, when nitrate was used as the nitrogen source, specific growth rate, biomass productivity, and specific oxygen production rate (SOPR) were higher than the one with ammonium source due to decreased pH. However, in all cultures except for photoautotrophic cultivation (in the CO2 of the air), nitrogen removal rates improved in the ammonium source. In addition, in both ammonium and nitrate source, the respiration activity of mixotrophic microalgae was higher than the photosynthetic activity of the cells. When CO2 was used as inorganic carbon, the specific growth rate of microalgae was lower than with the bicarbonate source. Based on the obtained results, mixotrophic conditions would be the most useful cultivation for application in N-rich wastewater treatment systems.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the University of Tehran for supporting this research. In addition, this research was financially supported by Grant No. 11.68722 from the Vice-Presidency for Science and Technology (Presidency of the Islamic Republic of Iran) and the Tehran Province Water and Wastewater Company.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O.Box 11155-4563, Tehran, Iran

    Azadeh Babaei, Mohammad Reza Mehrnia & Mohammad-Hossein Sarrafzadeh

  2. Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

    Jalal Shayegan & Elham Amini

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  1. Azadeh Babaei
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  2. Mohammad Reza Mehrnia
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  3. Jalal Shayegan
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  4. Mohammad-Hossein Sarrafzadeh
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  5. Elham Amini
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Correspondence to Mohammad Reza Mehrnia.

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Babaei, A., Mehrnia, M.R., Shayegan, J. et al. Evaluation of Nutrient Removal and Biomass Production Through Mixotrophic, Heterotrophic, and Photoautotrophic Cultivation of Chlorella in Nitrate and Ammonium Wastewater. Int J Environ Res 12, 167–178 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-018-0077-z

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