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Multiple Paleozoic magmatic-orogenic events in the Central Extremadura batholith (Iberian Variscan belt, Spain)

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Abstract

Background

The Central Extremadura batholith located in the southeast part of the Central Iberian Zone (e.g. Iberian Autochthonous domain of the Iberian Variscan belt) was originally thought to have been generated entirely during Carboniferous igneous activity. However, some recent geochronological work has shown the existence of Ordovician plutonic rocks.

Purpose

The aim of this study is to re-examine the age of granitic rocks in the Central Extremadura batholith and complement this information with new field and geochemical data. This data set is used: to constrain the relative timing of plutons emplacement, as well as deformation and metamorphism preserved in the host rocks; to track deep crustal rocks and granitic magma sources; and to discuss prevailing tectonic evolutionary models for the Paleozoic evolution of the Iberian Variscan belt.

Methods

We use geochemical and SHRIMP U-Pb zircon geochronology data of three granitic plutons (Ruanes, Plasenzuela and Albalá) from the Central Extremadura batholith to track magmatic sources and provide a better understanding of temporal and spatial relationships between deformation and magmatism in the Iberian Variscan belt.

Results

Ruanes tonalite dated at 464 ± 2 Ma is peraluminous, magnesian and calc-alkaline, as typical of a magmatic arc setting. We report, for the first time, the occurrence of a Middle Ordovician intrusion spatially and temporally related to host deformed rocks of the Central Iberian Zone (e.g. the Iberian Autochthonous domain), which reached high-grade metamorphic conditions. Plasenzuela two-mica leucogranite is strongly peraluminous and of anatectic origin and includes a Neoproterozoic and Ordovician population of inherited zircon grains. This granite possibly derived from the partial melting of a crustal source composed of Neoproterozoic metapelites and metagreywackes (Schist-Greywacke Complex) and/or Lower Ordovician gneisses (Ollo de Sapo Formation), both including greywackes of volcano-sedimentary origin and peraluminous composition. The crystallization age of 330 ± 7 Ma obtained for the syn-kinematic Plasenzuela two-mica leucogranite constrains the functioning of D2 dextral strike-slip shear zones within the Iberian Autochthonous domain. The age of 309 ± 2 Ma obtained for the Albalá cordierite-bearing monzogranite matches the age interval of the calc-alkaline magmatic suite post-dating the main Variscan D1–D3 structures in the Iberian Autochthonous domain.

Conclusion

The new data presented in this study make it possible to recognize multiple Paleozoic magmatic-orogenic events (e.g. Caledonian, Variscan and Cimmerian) in the Central Extremadura batholith. During the Ordovician, the emplacement of intermediate magmas at shallow depths gave rise to extensive metamorphism due to heat transfer to the host rocks. The onset of this Ordovician plutonic–metamorphic complex in the Iberian Autochthonous domain is contemporaneous with the development of an active continental margin probably related to the subduction of the Iapetus–Tornquist Ocean (i.e. the Caledonian orogeny). During the Lower Carboniferous, these D2 strike-slip domains acted as lateral margins of large-scale gravitational collapses associated with the SE-direct transport of low-angle extensional shear zones (i.e. the Variscan cycle). The emplacement of Upper Carboniferous arc type granitic rocks is interpreted in the context of the amalgamation of Pangaea and the spatial proximity of Iberia relative to the Eurasian active margin in the course of Paleotethys subduction (i.e. the Cimmerian orogeny).

Resumen

Los datos geoquímicos y geocronológicos (edades SHRIMP de U-Pb en circones) de tres plutones graníticos del Batolito de Extremadura central han permitido obtener información sobre las fuentes magmáticas y comprender las relaciones espaciales entre la deformación y el magmatismo en el cinturón Varisco de Iberia. Este estudio nos ha llevado al reconocimiento de múltiples eventos magmáticos y orogénicos paleozóicos en este batolito. La tonalita de Ruanes, cuya edad es de 464 ± 2 Ma, es una roca calcoalcalina, peralumínica y magnesiana, cuya fuente es la típica de un contexto de arco magmático. Demostramos, por primera vez, que una intrusión del Ordovícico medio está relacionada espacial y temporalmente con rocas encajantes deformadas de la Zona Centroibérica (es decir, del dominio Autóctono Ibérico), que alcanzaron condiciones metamórficas de alto grado. Durante el Ordovícico, el emplazamiento de magmas intermedios a bajas profundidades en la corteza dio lugar a un extenso metamorfismo debido a transferencia de calor hacia su encajante. El inicio de la formación de este complejo plutono-metamórfico ordovícico es consistente con el desarrollo de un margen continental activo, probablemente relacionado con la subducción del océano Iapetus–Tornquist (es decir, la orogenia Caledónica). El leucogranito de dos micas de Plasenzuela es de origen anatéctico, y fuertemente peralumínico, e incluye una población de circones heredados de edades neoproterozoicas y ordovícicas. Este granito posiblemente se produjo tras la fusión parcial de una fuente cortical compuesta por metapelitas y metagrauvacas del Neoproterozoico (Complejo Esquisto-Grauváquico), y/o gneisses del Ordovícico inferior (Formación Ollo de Sapo). ambos incluyen grauvacas de origen volcano-sedimentario y de composición peralumínica. La edad de cristalización obtenida para el leucogranito sincinemático de dos micas de Plasenzuela (330 ± 7 Ma) precisa la edad de la actividad de las zonas de cizalla transcurrentes dextras de la fase D2 en el dominio Autóctono Ibérico. Durante el Carbonífero inferior estos dominios transcurrentes de fase D2 actuaron como los márgenes laterales de los grandes colapsos gravitacionales relacionados con zonas de cizalla extensionales de bajo ángulo y desplazamiento del bloque de techo hacia el SE (es decir, la orogenia Varisco). La edad de 309 ± 2 Ma obtenida para el monzogranito rico en cordierita de Albalá encaja con el intervalo temporal de la asociación magmática calcoalcalina que post-data las principales estructuras D1-3 variscas en el Dominio Autóctono Ibérico. El emplazamiento durante el Carbonífero superior de estas rocas graníticas de arco se interpreta en el contexto de la acreción de Pangea y de la proximidad espacial de Iberia al margen activo de Eurasia en el transcurso de la subducción del Paleotethys (es decir, la orogenia Cimérica).

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(modified from Pereira et al. 2015)

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Acknowledgements

This work is a contribution to projects CGL2013-484088-C3-1-P) and IGCP project 648 (Supercontinent Cycle and Global Geodynamics). Carmen Rodríguez appreciates financial support from Universidad de Huelva (Spain) through its postdoctoral program (under the “Estrategia Politíca Científica de la UHU 2016/2017”) and in the scope of a research line of the ICT (University of Evora) coordinated by M. Francisco Pereira. The authors are grateful for the constructive comments of two reviewers and the editorial work of Teresa Ubide. This is an IBERSIMS publication No 54.

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  1. Departamento de Geociências, ECT, Instituto Ciências da Terra, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal

    M. Francisco Pereira

  2. Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad de Huelva, Huelva, Spain

    Antonio Castro, Carlos Fernández & Carmen Rodríguez

  3. Departamento de Geociências, ECT, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal

    Carmen Rodríguez

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Pereira, M.F., Castro, A., Fernández, C. et al. Multiple Paleozoic magmatic-orogenic events in the Central Extremadura batholith (Iberian Variscan belt, Spain). J Iber Geol 44, 309–333 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41513-018-0063-5

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