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Beam dynamics optimization of very-high-frequency gun photoinjector

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Abstract

Very-high-frequency (VHF) gun photoinjectors, capable of producing high-brightness and high-repetition-rate electron bunches, are some of the best electron sources for driving MHz-class repetition-rate free-electron lasers. In this study, the beam dynamics optimization of a VHF gun photoinjector for Shanghai HIgh Repetition Rate X-ray Free Electron Laser and Extreme Light Facility (SHINE) is systematically demonstrated using a genetic algorithm. Through the inclusion of the solenoid geometry as an optimization variable into the genetic algorithm, the optimum projected normalized emittance for 100 pC bunches with bunch length of 1 mm rms is reduced to 0.1 mm mrad for 100% of the particles and 0.075 mm mrad for 95% of the particles, proving that sub-100 nm emittance can be achieved in the SHINE injector using a single-cell Tsinghua University (THU) VHF gun. This emittance fulfills the requirements not only of SHINE and Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS)-II but also of LCLS-II-High Energy (LCLS-II-HE). We demonstrate that the optimal emittance in the VHF gun injector is reduced via the optimization of the solenoid geometry, thereby reducing solenoid spherical aberration. Through the inclusion of high-order (H.O.) energy spread among the optimization objectives, the H.O. energy spread can be reduced by a factor of nearly six using a high-harmonic cavity despite a 38% emittance growth. Finally, the beam dynamics in the SHINE main accelerator show that reducing the H.O. energy spread in the injector is of great significance to improving compression efficiency and reducing bunch current spike.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China

    Han Chen, Lian-Min Zheng, Bin Gao, Zi-Zheng Li, Ying-Chao Du, Ren-Kai Li, Wen-Hui Huang & Chuan-Xiang Tang

  2. Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Shanghai, 201800, China

    Duan Gu, Zheng Qi, Meng Zhang, Hai-Xiao Deng, Qiang Gu & Dong Wang

  3. Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Shanghai, 201210, China

    Duan Gu, Zheng Qi, Meng Zhang, Hai-Xiao Deng, Qiang Gu & Dong Wang

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  1. Han Chen
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Han Chen, Lian-Min Zheng and Ying-Chao Du. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Han Chen and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Lian-Min Zheng.

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Chen, H., Zheng, LM., Gao, B. et al. Beam dynamics optimization of very-high-frequency gun photoinjector. NUCL SCI TECH 33, 116 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41365-022-01105-y

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