Abstract
With the development of radioactive beam facilities, studies concerning the shell evolution of unstable nuclei have recently gained prominence. Intruder components, particularly s-wave intrusion, in the low-lying states of light neutron-rich nuclei near \(N = 8\) are of importance in the study of shell evolution. The use of single-nucleon transfer reactions in inverse kinematics has been a sensitive tool that can be used to quantitatively investigate the single-particle orbital component of selectively populated states. The spin-parity, spectroscopic factor (or single-particle strength), and effective single-particle energy can all be extracted from such reactions. These observables are often useful to explain the nature of shell evolution, and to constrain, check, and test the parameters used in nuclear structure models. In this article, the experimental studies of the intruder components in low-lying states of neutron-rich nuclei of He, Li, Be, B, and C isotopes using various single-nucleon transfer reactions are reviewed. The focus is laid on the precise determination of the intruder s-wave strength in low-lying states.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
M.G. Mayer, On closed shells in nuclei. II. Phys. Rev. C 75, 1969 (1949). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.75.1969
O. Haxel, J. Hans, D. Jensen et al., On the “magic numbers” in nuclear structure. Phys. Rev. C 75, 1766 (1949). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.75.1766.2
J. Chen, J.L. Lou, Y.L. Ye et al., A new measurement of the intruder configuration in \({}^{12}{{\rm Be}}\). Phys. Lett. B 781, 412–416 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2018.04.016
T. Otsuka, R. Fujimoto, Y. Utsuno et al., Magic numbers in exotic nuclei and spin-isospin properties of the \(NN\) interaction. Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 082502 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.082502
T. Otsuka, T. Suzuki, R. Fujimoto et al., Evolution of nuclear shells due to the tensor force. Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 232502 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.232502
T. Otsuka, T. Matsuo, D. Abe, Mean field with tensor force and shell structure of exotic nuclei. Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 162501 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.162501
T. Otsuka, T. Suzuki, M. Honma et al., Novel features of nuclear forces and shell evolution in exotic nuclei. Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 012501 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.012501
T. Otsuka, T. Suzuki, J.D. Holt et al., Three-body forces and the limit of oxygen isotopes. Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 032501 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.032501
A. Ozawa, T. Kobayashi, T. Suzuki et al., New magic number, \(N=16\), near the neutron drip line. Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 5493 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.5493
R. Kanungo, A new view of nuclear shells. Phys. Scr. T152, 014002 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/2013/T152/014002
K.T. Schmitt, K.L. Jones, A. Bey et al., Halo nucleus \({}^{11}{{\rm Be}}\): a spectroscopic study via neutron transfer. Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 192701 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.192701
T. Aumann, A. Navin, D.P. Balamuth et al., One-neutron knockout from individual single-particle states of \({}^{11}{{\rm Be}}\). Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 35 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.35
I. Tanihata, H. Savajols, R. Kanungo, Recent experimental progress in nuclear halo structure studies. Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 68, 215–313 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2012.07.001
K. Wimmer, Nucleon transfer reactions with radioactive beams. J. Phys. G 45, 033002 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6471/aaa2bf
A. Obertelli, Nuclear structure from direct reactions with rare isotopes: observables, methods and highlights. Eur. Phys. J. Plus 131, 319 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/i2016-16319-8
B.P. Kay, J.P. Schiffer, S.J. Freeman, Quenching of cross sections in nucleon transfer reactions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 042502 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.042502
W.N. Catford, What can we learn from transfer, and how is best to do it?, in The Euroschool on Exotic Beams, Vol. IV, Chapter 3 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45141-6_3
I.J. Thompson, Coupled reaction channels calculations in nuclear physics. Comput. Phys. Rep. 7, 167–212 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-7977(88)90005-6
W.W. Daehnick, J.D. Childs, Z. Vrcelj, Global optical model potential for elastic deuteron scattering from 12 to 90 MeV. Phys. Rev. C 21, 2253 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.21.2253
A.J. Koning, J.P. Delaroche, Local and global nucleon optical models from 1 keV to 200 MeV. Nucl. Phys. A 713, 231–310 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0375-9474(02)01321-0
DWUCK. https://www.oecd-nea.org/tools/abstract/detail/nesc9872. Accessed 9 Dec 2019
R.C. Johnson, P.J.R. Soper, Contribution of deuteron breakup channels to deuteron stripping and elastic scattering. Phys. Rev. C 1, 976 (1970). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.1.976
R.C. Johnson, P.C. Tandy, An approximate three-body theory of deuteron stripping. Nucl. Phys. A 235, 56–74 (1974). https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-9474(74)90178-X
V.R. Pandharipande, I. Sick, P.K.A. de Witt Huberts, Independent particle motion and correlations in fermion systems. Rev. Mod. Phys. 69, 981 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.69.981
J.P. Schiffer, C.R. Hoffman, B.P. Kay et al., Test of sum rules in nucleon transfer reactions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 022501 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.022501
S.D. Pain, W.N. Catford, N.A. Orr et al., Structure of \({}^{12}{{\rm Be}}\): intruder \(d\)-wave strength at \(N=8\). Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 032502 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.032502
R. Kanungo, A.T. Gallant, M. Uchida et al., Structure of states in \({}^{12}{{\rm Be}}\) via the \({}^{11}{{\rm Be}}(d, \, p)\) reaction. Phys. Lett. B 682, 391–395 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2009.11.025
M.H. Macfarlane, J.B. French, Stripping reactions and the structure of light and intermediate nuclei. Rev. Mod. Phys. 32, 567 (1960). https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.32.567
A.H. Wuosmaa, B.B. Back, S. Baker et al., \({}^{15}{{\rm C}}(d, \, p){}^{16}{{\rm C}}\) reaction and exotic behavior in \({}^{16}{{\rm C}}\). Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 132501 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.132501
S. Bedoor, A.H. Wuosmaa, J.C. Lighthall et al., Structure of \({}^{14}{{\rm B}}\) and the evolution of \(N=9\) single-neutron isotones. Phys. Rev. C 88, 011304(R) (2013). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.88.011304
C.R. Hoffman, B.B. Back, B.P. Kay et al., Experimental study of the \({}^{19}{{\rm O}}(d, \, p){}^{20}{{\rm O}}\) reaction in inverse kinematics. Phys. Rev. C 85, 054318 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.85.054318
J. Chen, K. Auranen, M.L. Avila et al., Experimental study of the low-lying negative-parity states in \({}^{11}{{\rm Be}}\) using the \({}^{12}{{\rm B}}(d, \, {}^{3}{{\rm He}}){}^{11}{{\rm Be}}\) reaction. Phys. Rev. C 100, 064314 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.100.064314
M. Baranger, A definition of the single-nucleon potential. Nucl. Phys. A 149, 225–240 (1970). https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-9474(70)90692-5
R.J. Peterson, H.C. Bhang, J.J. Hamill et al., The \({}^{14}{{\rm C}}(\alpha, \, {\alpha }^{\prime }){}^{14}{{\rm C}}\) and \({}^{13}{{\rm C}}(d, \, p){}^{14}{{\rm C}}\) reactions. Nucl. Phys. A 425, 469–492 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-9474(84)90020-4
S. Agostinelli, J. Allison, K. Amako et al., Geant4—a simulation toolkit. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 506, 250–303 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9002(03)01368-8
E. Pollacco, D. Beaumel, P. Roussel-Chomaz et al., MUST2: a new generation array for direct reaction studies. Eur. Phys. J. A 25(s01), 287–288 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1140/epjad/i2005-06-162-5
M. Labiche, W.N. Catford, R.C. Lemmon et al., TIARA: a large solid angle silicon array for direct reaction studies with radioactive beams. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 614, 439–448 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2010.01.009
MUST2 website. http://must2.cea.fr/index.php?id=5&ref=1. Accessed 14 Nov 2019
T. Al Kalanee, J. Gibelin, P. Roussel-Chomaz et al., Structure of unbound neutron-rich \({}^{9}{{\rm He}}\) studied using single-neutron transfer. Phys. Rev. C 88, 034301 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.88.034301
A. Matta, D. Beaumel, H. Otsu et al., New findings on structure and production of \({}^{10}{{\rm He}}\) from \({}^{11}{{\rm Li}}\) with the (\({d}\),\({}^{3}{{\rm He}}\)) reaction. Phys. Rev. C 92, 041302(R) (2015). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.92.041302
F. Flavigny, A. Gillibert, L. Nalpas et al., Limited asymmetry dependence of correlations from single nucleon transfer. Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 122503 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.122503
B. Fernandez-Dominguez, J.S. Thomas, W.N. Catford et al., Emergence of the N=16 shell gap in \({}^{21}{{\rm O}}\). Phys. Rev. C 84, 011301(R) (2011). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.84.011301
S. Giron, F. Hammache, N. de Séréville et al., Spectroscopy of \({}^{61}{{\rm Fe}}\) via the neutron transfer reaction \({}^{2}{{\rm H}}({}^{60}{{\rm Fe}}, \, {p}){}^{61}{{\rm Fe}^{*}}\). Phys. Rev. C 95, 035806 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.95.035806
G. Burgunder, O. Sorlin, F. Nowacki et al., Experimental study of the two-body spin-orbit force in nuclei. Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 042502 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.042502
J. Diriken, N. Patronis, A.N. Andreyev et al., Study of the deformation-driving \({\nu }{d_{5/2}}\) orbital in \({}^{67}_{28}{{\rm Ni}}_{39}\) using one-neutron transfer reactions. Phys. Lett. B 736, 533–538 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2014.08.004
W.N. Catford, C.N. Timis, R.C. Lemmon et al., Migration of nuclear shell gaps studied in the \({d}({}^{24}{{\rm Ne}}\), \({p\gamma }){}^{24}{{\rm Ne}}\) reaction. Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 192501 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.192501
F. Delaunay, B. Fernández-Domínguez, N.L. Achouri, et al., Single-particle structure of \({}^{17}{{\rm C}}\) studied with the \({}^{16}{{\rm C}}(d, \, p)\) transfer reaction, in 20th Colloque GANIL, Amboise, 15–17 Oct 2017 (2017)
Th Kroll, V. Bildstein, K. Wimmer et al., Transfer reactions on neutron-rich nuclei at REX-ISOLDE. AIP Conf. Proc. 1165, 363 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3232117
R. Orlandi, D. Mucher, R. Raabe et al., Single-neutron orbits near \({}^{78}{{\rm Ni}}\): spectroscopy of the \(N=49\) isotope \({}^{79}{{\rm Zn}}\). Phys. Lett. B 740, 298–302 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2014.12.006
V. Bildstein, R. Gernhäuser, T. Kröll et al., T-REX: a new setup for transfer experiments at REX-ISOLDE. Eur. Phys. J. A 48, 85 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/i2012-12085-6
J. Eberth, G. Pascovici, H.G. Thomas et al., MINIBALL A Ge detector array for radioactive ion beam facilities. Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 46, 389–398 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6410(01)00145-4
N. Warr, J. Van de Walle, M. Albers et al., The miniball spectrometer. Eur. Phys. J. A 49, 40 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/i2013-13040-9
S.D. Pain, J.A. Cizewski, R. Hatarik et al., Development of a high solid-angle silicon detector array for measurement of transfer reactions in inverse kinematics. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 261, 11223–1125 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2007.04.289
D.W. Bardayan, S. Ahn, J.C. Blackmon et al., Construction and commissioning of the SuperORRUBA detector. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 711, 160–165 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2013.01.035
J. Belarge, S.A. Kuvin, L.T. Baby et al., Experimental investigation of the \(^{19}\text{ Ne }(p, \, \gamma )^{20}\text{ Na }\) reaction rate and implications for breakout from the hot CNO cycle. Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 182701 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.182701
K.T. Schmitt, K.L. Jones, S. Ahn et al., Reactions of a \({}^{10}{{\rm Be}}\) beam on proton and deuteron targets. Phys. Rev. C 88, 064612 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.88.064612
I-Yang LEE, The GAMMASPHERE. Nucl. Phys. A 520, c641–c655 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-9474(90)91181-P
S. Paschalis, I.Y. Lee, A.O. Macchiavelli et al., The performance of the gamma-ray energy tracking in-beam nuclear array GRETINA. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 709, 44–55 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2013.01.009
M.S. Wallace, M.A. Famiano, M.-J. van Goethem et al., The high resolution array (HiRA) for rare isotope beam experiments. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 583, 302–312 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2007.08.248
B. Davin, R.T. de Souza, R. Yanez et al., LASSA: a large area silicon strip array for isotopic identification of charged particles. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 473, 302–318 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9002(01)00295-9
J. Lee, M.B. Tsang, D. Bazin et al., Neutron-proton asymmetry dependence of spectroscopic factors in Ar isotopes. Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 112701 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.112701
A. Sanetullaev, M.B. Tsang, W.G. Lynch et al., Neutron spectroscopic factors of \({}^{55}{{\rm Ni}}\) hole-states from (\(p, \, d\))transfer reactions. Phys. Lett. B 736, 137–141 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2014.07.003
C.Aa Diget, S.P. Fox, A. Smith et al., SHARC: silicon highly-segmented array for reactions and coulex used in conjunction with the TIGRESS \({\gamma }\)-ray spectrometer. J. Instrum. 6, P02005 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/6/02/P02005
M.A. Schumaker, G. Hackman, C.J. Pearson et al., Measured and simulated performance of Compton-suppressed TIGRESS HPGe clover detectors. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 570, 437–445 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2006.10.185
R. Kanungo, IRIS: the ISAC charged particle reaction spectroscopy facility for reaccelerated high-energy ISOL beams. Hyperfine Interact 225, 235–240 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10751-013-0904-8
J. Manfredi, J. Lee, W.G. Lynch et al., On determining dead layer and detector thicknesses for a position-sensitive silicon detector. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 888, 177–183 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2017.12.082
Z. Elekes, Zs Dombrádi, N. Aoi, Spectroscopic study of neutron shell closures via nucleon transfer in the near-dripline nucleus \({}^{23}{{\rm O}}\). Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 102502 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.102502
Z. Elekes, Zs Dombrádi, N. Aoi et al., Search for neutron decoupling in \({}^{22}{{\rm O}}\) via the (\(d, \, d^{\prime }\gamma\)) reaction. Phys. Rev. C 74, 017306 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.74.017306
S. Takeuchi, T. Motobayashi, Y. Togano et al., DALI2: a NaI(Tl) detector array for measurements of \({\gamma }\) rays from fast nuclei. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 763, 596–603 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2014.06.087
T. Shimoda, H. Miyatake, S. Morinobu, Design study of the secondary-beam line at RCNP. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 70, 320–330 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-583X(92)95948-Q
S. Beceiro-Novo, T. Ahn, D. Bazin et al., Active targets for the study of nuclei far from stability. Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 84, 124–165 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2015.06.003
C.E. Demonchy, M. Caamano, H. Wang et al., MAYA: an active-target detector for binary reactions with exotic. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 583, 341–349 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2007.09.022
C. Monrozeau, E. Khan, Y. Blumenfeld et al., First measurement of the giant monopole and quadrupole resonances in a short-lived nucleus: \({}^{56}{{\rm Ni}}\). Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 042501 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.042501
S. Bagchi, J. Gibelin, M.N. Harakeh et al., Observation of isoscalar multipole strengths in exotic doubly-magic \({}^{56}{{\rm Ni}}\) in inelastic \({\alpha }\) scattering in inverse kinematics. Phys. Lett. B 751, 371–375 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2015.10.060
M. Vandebrouck, J. Gibelin, E. Khan et al., Measurement of the isoscalar monopole response in the neutron-rich nucleus \({}^{68}{{\rm Ni}}\). Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 032504 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.032504
M. Vandebrouck, J. Gibelin, E. Khan et al., Isoscalar response of \({}^{68}{{\rm Ni}}\) to \({\alpha }\)-particle and deuteron probes. Phys. Rev. C 92, 024316 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.92.024316
J. Giovinazzo, J. Pibernat, T. Goigoux et al., Metal-core pad-plane development for ACTAR TPC. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 892, 114–121 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2018.03.007
B. Mauss, P. Morfouace, T. Roger et al., Commissioning of the ACtive TARget and time projection chamber (ACTAR TPC). Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 940, 498–504 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2019.06.067
D. Bazin, J. Bradt, Y. Ayyad et al., The active target time projection chamber at NSCL. EPJ Web Conf. 163, 00004 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201716300004
J. Bradt, D. Bazin, F. Abu-Nimeh et al., Commissioning of the active-target time projection chamber. Nuclear Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 875, 65–79 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2017.09.013
D. Suzuki, M. Ford, D. Bazin et al., Prototype AT-TPC: toward a new generation active target time projection chamber for radioactive beam experiments. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 691, 39–54 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2012.06.050
T. Furuno, T. Kawabata, H.J. Ong et al., Performance test of the MAIKo active target. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 908, 215–224 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2018.08.042
T. Furuno, T. Kawabata, S. Adachi et al., Signature of \(Z=6\) subshell closure in \({}^{10}{{\rm C}}\) from the \({}^{10}{{\rm C}}({\alpha }, \, {\alpha }^{\prime })\) measurement with the MAIKo active target. Phys. Rev. C 100, 054322 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.100.054322
J.Y. Xu, Q.T. Li, Y.L. Ye et al., Performance of a small AT-TPC prototype. Nucl. Sci. Tech. 29, 97 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41365-018-0437-6
W. Huang, F. Lu, H. Li et al., Laser test of the prototype of CEE time projection chamber. Nucl. Sci. Tech. 29, 41 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41365-018-0382-4
A.H. Wuosmaa, J.P. Schiffer, B.B. Back et al., A solenoidal spectrometer for reactions in inverse kinematics. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 580, 1290–1300 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2007.07.029
A.H. Wuosmaa, T. Al Tahtamouni, J.P. Schiffer et al., A solenoidal transport device for transfer reactions in inverse kinematics. Nucl. Phys. A 746, 267c–271c (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2004.09.039
D. Santiago-Gonzalez, K. Auranen, M.L. Avila et al., Probing the single-particle character of rotational states in \({}^{19}{{\rm F}}\) using a short-lived isomeric beam. Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 122503 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.122503
S. Almaraz-Calderon, K.E. Rehm, N. Gerken et al., Study of the \({}^{26}{{\rm Al}}^{m}(d, \, p){}^{27}{{\rm Al}}\) reaction and the influence of the \({}^{26}{{\rm Al}} \, 0^{+}\) isomer on the destruction of \({}^{26}{{\rm Al}}\) in the galaxy. Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 072701 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.072701
B.B. Back, S.I. Baker, B.A. Brown et al., First experiment with HELIOS: the structure of \({}^{13}{{\rm B}}\). Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 132501 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.132501
I. Tanihata, H. Hamagaki, O. Hashimoto et al., Measurements of interaction cross sections and nuclear radii in the light \(p\)-shell region. Phys. Rev. Lett. 55, 2676 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.55.2676
D. Bazin, W. Benenson, B.A. Brown et al., Probing the halo structure of \({}^{19,17,15}{{\rm C}}\) and \({}^{14}{{\rm B}}\). Phys. Rev. C 57, 2156 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.57.2156
E. Sauvan, F. Carstoiu, N.A. Orr et al., One-neutron removal reactions on light neutron-rich nuclei. Phys. Rev. C 69, 044603 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.69.044603
V. Guimaraes, J.J. Kolata, D. Bazin et al., Spectroscopy of \({}^{13,14}{{\rm B}}\) via the one-neutron knockout reaction. Phys. Rev. C 61, 064609 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.61.064609
S. Bedoor, A.H. Wuosmaa, M. Albers et al., Structure of \({}^{14}{{\rm C}}\) and \({}^{14}{{\rm B}}\) from the \({}^{14,15}{{\rm C}}(d, \, {}^{3}{{\rm He}}) {}^{13,14}{{\rm B}}\) reactions. Phys. Rev. C 93, 044323 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.93.044323
M. Labiche, N.A. Orr, F.M. Marqués et al., Halo structure of \({}^{14}{{\rm Be}}\). Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 600 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.86.600
T. Kobayashi, O. Yamakawa, K. Omata et al., Projectile fragmentation of the extremely neutron-rich nucleus \({}^{11}{{\rm Li}}\) at 0.79 GeV/nucleon. Phys. Rev. Lett. 60, 2599 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.60.2599
T. Myo, K. Kato, H. Toki et al., Roles of tensor and pairing correlations on halo formation in \({}^{11}{{\rm Li}}\). Phys. Rev. C 76, 024305 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.76.024305
I. Tanihata, M. Alcorta, D. Bandyopadhyay et al., Measurement of the two-halo neutron transfer reaction \({}^{1}{{\rm H}}({}^{11}{{\rm Li}}, \, {}^{9}{{\rm Li}}){}^{3}{{\rm H}}\) at \(3A\) MeV. Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 192502 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.192502
H.Y. Lee, J.P. Greene, C.L. Jiang et al., Experimental study of the \({}^{11,12}{{\rm B}}(n, {\gamma })\) reactions and their influence on \(r\)-process nucleosynthesis of light elements. Phys. Rev. C 81, 015802 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.81.015802
J.S. Winfield, S. Fortier, W.N. Catford et al., Structure of \({\rm {Be}^{11}}\) from the (\(p, \, d\)) reaction in inverse kinematics. J. Phys. G Nucl. Part. Phys. 25, 755–757 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1088/0954-3899/25/4/029
A. Lemasson, A. Navin, N. Keeley et al., Reactions with the double-Borromean nucleus \({}^{8}{{\rm He}}\). Phys. Rev. C 82, 044617 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.82.044617
N. Keeley, F. Skaza, V. Lapoux et al., Probing the \({}^{8}{{\rm He}}\) ground state via the \({}^{8}{{\rm He}}(p, \, t) {}^{6}{{\rm He}}\) reaction. Phys. Lett. B 646, 222–226 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2007.01.035
P. Mueller, I.A. Sulai, A.C.C. Villari et al., Nuclear charge radius of \({}^{8}{{\rm He}}\). Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 252501 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.252501
A. Lemasson, A. Shrivastava, A. Navin et al., Modern rutherford experiment: tunneling of the most neutron-rich nucleus. Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 232701 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.232701
A. Lemasson, A. Navin, M. Rejmund et al., Pair and single neutron transfer with Borromean \({}^{8}{{\rm He}}\). Phys. Lett. B 697, 454–458 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2011.02.038
M.V. Zhukov, A.A. Korsheninnikov, M.H. Smedberg, Simplified \({\alpha }+4n\) model for the \({}^{8}{{\rm He}}\) nucleus. Phys. Rev. C 50, R1(R) (1994). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.50.R1
K. Hagino, N. Takahashi, H. Sagawa, Strong dineutron correlation in \({}^{8}{{\rm He}}\) and \({}^{18}{{\rm C}}\). Phys. Rev. C 77, 054317 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.77.054317
Y. Kanada-En’yo, Dineutron structure in \({}^{8}{{\rm He}}\). Phys. Rev. C 76, 044323 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.76.044323
S. Aoyama, N. Itagaki, M. Oi, Systematic analyses of the \(t+t\) clustering effect in He isotopes. Phys. Rev. C 74, 017307 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.74.017307
N. Itagaki, M. Ito, K. Arai et al., Mixing of di-neutron components in \({}^{8}{{\rm He}}\). Phys. Rev. C 78, 017306 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.78.017306
R. Wolski et al., in Clustering Aspects of Quantum Many-Body Systems, ed. by A. Ohnishi, N. Itagaki, Y. Kanada-Enyo, K. Kato (World Scientific, Singapore, 2001), p. 15. https://doi.org/10.1142/4946
A.A. Korsheninnikov, EYu. Nikolskii, E.A. Kuzmin et al., Experimental evidence for the existence of \({}^{7}{{\rm H}}\) and for a specific structure of \({}^{8}{{\rm He}}\). Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 082501 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.082501
A.A. Korsheninnikov, M.S. Golovkov, I. Tanihata et al., Superheavy hydrogen \({}^{5}{{\rm H}}\). Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 092501 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.092501
K.L. Jones, Transfer reaction experiments with radioactive beams: from halos to the r-process. Phys. Scr. T152, 014020 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/2013/T152/014020
A.A. Korsheninnikov, M.S. Golovkov, A. Ozawa et al., Observation of an excited state in \({}^{7}{{\rm He}}\) with unusual structure. Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 3581 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.3581
K. Hagino, H. Sagawa, T. Nakamura et al., Two-particle correlations in continuum dipole transitions in Borromean nuclei. Phys. Rev. C 80, 031301(R) (2009). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.80.031301
F. Skaza, V. Lapoux, N. Keeley et al., Experimental evidence for subshell closure in \({}^{8}{{\rm He}}\) and indication of a resonant state in \({}^{7}{{\rm He}}\) below 1 MeV. Phys. Rev. C 73, 044301 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.73.044301
M. Vorabbi, A. Calci, P. Navrátil et al., Structure of the exotic \({}^{9}{{\rm He}}\) nucleus from the no-core shell model with continuum. Phys. Rev. C 97, 034314 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.97.034314
M.S. Golovkov, L.V. Grigorenko, A.S. Fomichev et al., New insight into the low-energy \({}^{9}{{\rm He}}\) spectrum. Phys. Rev. C 76, 021605(R) (2007). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.76.021605
L. Chen, B. Blank, B.A. Brown et al., Evidence for an \(l=0\) ground state in \({}^{9}{{\rm He}}\). Phys. Lett. B 505, 21–26 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0370-2693(01)00313-6
E. Garrido, D.V. Fedorov, A.S. Jensen, The \({}^{10}{{\rm Li}}\) spectrum and the \({}^{11}{{\rm Li}}\) properties. Nucl. Phys. A 700, 117–141 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0375-9474(01)01310-0
H.B. Jeppesen, A.M. Moro, U.C. Bergmann et al., Study of \({}^{10}{{\rm Li}}\) via the \({}^{9}{{\rm Li}}({}^{2}{{\rm H}}, \, p)\) reaction at REX-ISOLDE. Phys. Lett. B 642, 449–454 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2006.09.060
P. Santi, J.J. Kolata, V. Guimãraes et al., Structure of the \({}^{10}{{\rm Li}}\) nucleus investigated via the \({}^{9}{{\rm Li}}(d, \, p){}^{10}{{\rm Li}}\) reaction. Phys. Rev. C 67, 024606 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.67.024606
A.M. Moro, J. Casal, M. Gómez-Ramosa, Investigating the \({}^{10}{{\rm Li}}\) continuum through \({}^{9}{{\rm Li}}(d, \, p){}^{10}{{\rm Li}}\) reactions. Phys. Lett. B 793, 13–18 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2019.04.015
M. Cavallaro, M. De Napoli, F. Cappuzzello et al., Investigation of the \({}^{10}{{\rm Li}}\) shell inversion by neutron continuum transfer reaction. Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 012701 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.012701
A. Sanetullaev, R. Kanungo, J. Tanaka et al., Investigation of the role of \({}^{10}{{\rm Li}}\) resonances in the halo structure of \({}^{11}{{\rm Li}}\) through the \({}^{11}{{\rm Li}}(p, \, d){}^{10}{{\rm Li}}\) transfer reaction. Phys. Lett. B 755, 481–485 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2016.02.060
J. Casal, M. Gómez-Ramos, A.M. Moro, Description of the \({}^{11}{{\rm Li}}(p, \, d){}^{10}{{\rm Li}}\) transfer reaction using structure overlaps from a full three-body model. Phys. Lett. B 767, 307–313 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2017.02.017
D.H. Wilkinson, D.E. Alburger, Beta decay of \({\rm {Be}^{11}}\). Phys. Rev. 113, 563 (1959). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.113.563
I. Talmi, I. Unna, Order of levels in the shell model and spin of \({\rm {Be}^{11}}\). Phys. Rev. Lett. 4, 469 (1960). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.4.469
J.S. Winfield, S. Fortier, W.N. Catford et al., Single-neutron transfer from \({}^{11}{{\rm Be}_{gs}}\) via the (\(p, \, d\)) reaction with a radioactive beam. Nucl. Phys. A 683, 48–78 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0375-9474(00)00463-2
S. Fortier, S. Pita, J.S. Winfield et al., Core excitation in \({}^{11}{{\rm Be}_{\text{ gs }}}\) via the \(p({}^{11}{{\rm Be}}, \, {}^{10}{{\rm Be}})d\). Phys. Lett. B 461, 22–27 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0370-2693(99)00825-4
J. Ying, J.-L. Lou, Y.L. Ye et al., A new measurement of \({}^{11}{{\rm Be}}(p, \, d)\) transfer reaction. Chin. Phys. Lett. 35, 082501 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1088/0256-307X/35/8/082501
H.T. Fortune, R. Sherr, Consistent description of \({}^{11}{{\rm Be}}\) and \({}^{12}{{\rm Be}}\) and of the \({}^{11}{{\rm Be}}(d, \, p){}^{12}{{\rm Be}}\) reaction. Phys. Rev. C 85, 051303(R) (2012). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.85.051303
J.G. Johansen, V. Bildstein, M.J.G. Borge et al., Experimental study of bound states in \({}^{12}{{\rm Be}}\) through low-energy \({}^{11}{{\rm Be}}(d, \, p)\)-transfer reactions. Phys. Rev. C 88, 044619 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.88.044619
J. Chen, J.L. Lou, Y.L. Ye et al., Low-lying states in \({}^{12}{{\rm Be}}\) using one-neutron transfer reaction. Phys. Rev. C 98, 014616 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.98.014616
S. Ota, S. Shimoura, H. Iwasaki et al., Low-lying proton intruder state in \({}^{13}{{\rm B}}\). Phys. Lett. B 666, 311–314 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.081
H. Iwasaki, A. Dewald, C. Fransen et al., Low-lying neutron intruder state in \({}^{13}{{\rm B}}\) and the fading of the \(N=8\) shell closure. Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 202502 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.202502
J.D. Goss, P.L. Jolivette, C.P. Browne et al., Angular distribution measurements for \({}^{14}{{\rm C}}(d, \, p){}^{15}{{\rm C}}\) and the level structure of \({}^{15}{{\rm C}}\). Phys. Rev. C 12, 1730 (1975). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.12.1730
H.T. Fortune, Matter radii and configuration mixing in \({}^{15-19}{{\rm C}}\). Eur. Phys. J. A 54, 73 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/i2018-12506-6
C.R. Hoffman, B.P. Kay, J.P. Schiffer et al., Neutron \(s\) states in loosely bound nuclei. Phys. Rev. C 89, 061305(R) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.89.061305
D.W. Bardayan, P.D. O’Malley, J.C. Blackmon et al., Spectroscopic study of low-lying \({}^{16}{{\rm N}}\) levels. Phys. Rev. C 78, 052801(R) (2008). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.78.052801
T.L. Ma, B. Guo, Z.H. Li et al., Precision measurement of the angular distribution for the \({}^{16}{{\rm O}}(d, \, p){}^{17}{{\rm O}}\) transfer reaction to the ground state of \({}^{17}{{\rm O}}\). Nucl. Phys. A 986, 26–33 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2019.03.004
J. Chen, C.R. Hoffman, T. Ahn et al., Experimental study of the effective nucleon–nucleon interaction using the \({}^{21}{{\rm F}}(d, \, p){}^{22}{{\rm F}}\) reaction. Phys. Rev. C 98, 014325 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.98.014325
S.M. Brown, W.N. Catford, J.S. Thomas et al., Low-lying neutron \(fp\)-shell intruder states in \({}^{27}{{\rm Ne}}\). Phys. Rev. C 85, 011302(R) (2012). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.85.011302
G.L. Wilson, W.N. Catford, N.A. Orr et al., Shell evolution approaching the \(N=20\) island of inversion: structure of \({}^{26}{{\rm Na}}\). Phys. Lett. B 759, 417–423 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2016.05.093
A. Matta, W.N. Catford, N.A. Orr et al., Shell evolution approaching the \(N=20\) island of inversion: structure of \({}^{29}{{\rm Mg}}\). Phys. Rev. C 99, 044320 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.99.044320
L. Gaudefroy, O. Sorlin, F. Nowacki et al., Structure of the \(N=27\) isotones derived from the \({}^{44}{{\rm Ar}}(d, \, p){}^{45}{{\rm Ar}}\) reaction. Phys. Rev. C 78, 034307 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.78.034307
L. Gaudefroy, O. Sorlin, D. Beaumel et al., Reduction of the spin-orbit splittings at the \(N=28\) shell closure. Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 092501 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.092501
J. Diriken, N. Patronis, A. Andreyev et al., Experimental study of the \({}^{66}{{\rm Ni}}(d, \, p){}^{67}{{\rm Ni}}\) one-neutron transfer reaction. Phys. Rev. C 91, 054321 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.91.054321
P. Morfouace, S. Franchoo, K. Sieja et al., Single-particle strength in neutron-rich 69Cu from the \({}^{70}{{\rm Zn}}(d, \, {}^{3}{{\rm He}}) {}^{69}{{\rm Cu}}\) proton pick-up reaction. Phys. Rev. C 93, 064308 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.93.064308
P. Morfouace, S. Franchoo, K. Sieja et al., Evolution of single-particle strength in neutron-rich \({}^{71}{{\rm Cu}}\). Phys. Lett. B 751, 306–310 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2015.10.064
J.S. Thomas, G. Arbanas, D.W. Bardayan et al., Single-neutron excitations in neutron-rich \({}^{83}{{\rm Ge}}\) and \({}^{85}{{\rm Se}}\). Phys. Rev. C 76, 044302 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.76.044302
S. Cruz, P.C. Bender, R. Krucken et al., Shape coexistence and mixing of low-lying \({0}^{+}\) states in \({}^{96}{{\rm Sr}}\). Phys. Lett. B 786, 94–99 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2018.09.031
S. Cruz, K. Wimmer, P.C. Bender et al., Single-particle structure of neutron-rich Sr isotopes via \({}^{2}{{\rm H}}({}^{94,95,96}{{\rm Sr}}, \, p)\) reactions. Phys. Rev. C 100, 054321 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.100.054321
K.L. Jones, A.S. Adekola, D.W. Bardayan et al., The magic nature of \({}^{132}{{\rm Sn}}\) explored through the single-particle states of \({}^{133}{{\rm Sn}}\). Nature 465, 454–457 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09048
R. Orlandi, S.D. Pain, S. Ahn et al., Neutron-hole states in \({}^{131}{{\rm Sn}}\) and spin-orbit splitting in neutron-rich nuclei. Phys. Lett. B 785, 615–620 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2018.08.005
T.J. Ross, R.O. Hughes, J.M. Allmond et al., Spectroscopy of \({}^{153}{{\rm Gd}}\) and \({}^{157}{{\rm Gd}}\) using the \((p, d\gamma )\) reaction. Phys. Rev. C 90, 044323 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.90.044323
Y.P. Xu, D.Y. Pang, X.Y. Yun et al., Proton-neutron asymmetry independence of reduced single-particle strengths derived from (\(p, \, d\)) reactions. Phys. Lett. B 790, 308 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2019.01.034
D.W. Bardayan, Transfer reaction in nuclear astrophysics. J. Phys. G Nucl. Part. Phys. 43, 043001 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1088/0954-3899/43/4/043001
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
This work was supported by the National Key R&D program of China (No. 2018YFA0404403), and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 11775004, U1867214, and 11535004).
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Liu, W., Lou, JL., Ye, YL. et al. Experimental study of intruder components in light neutron-rich nuclei via single-nucleon transfer reaction. NUCL SCI TECH 31, 20 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41365-020-0731-y
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41365-020-0731-y