Abstract
In recent years, the importance of nanoparticles, which are high-tech products, has been increasing. Nanoparticles are used in many fields as well as in the field of composite materials. These materials are widely used in some areas such as materials and manufacturing, computer technologies, aerospace and military, environment, and energy. In this study, woven composites produced in five different stacking sequences without nanoparticle reinforcement and different mass ratios (0.5%, 1%, and 3%), and with Al2O3, CuO, and MgO nanoparticle reinforcement were subjected to fatigue tests. Fatigue tests were performed by means of a Shimadzu brand Servo-Hydraulic Fatigue Tester with a 100 kN load cell. In order to determine the fatigue limits of the samples, fatigue tests were performed by applying R = – 0.1 load ratio, 6 Hz frequency, and sine wave load. Load level (%)–cycle number (N) diagrams, damping ratios, and hysteresis loops of woven composites were investigated, and the results were interpreted. When the hysteresis loops were examined, it was seen that the areas between the hysteresis loops increased and the stiffness of the composite materials decreased with the increment of nanoparticle reinforcement to the composite materials. The highest stiffness values were observed in 0.5% CuO nanoparticle-reinforced composite materials with KM-3 stacking sequence. In addition, SEM analyses of damage mechanisms in woven composite materials were observed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adam TJ, Horst P (2017) Fatigue damage and fatigue limits of a GFRP angle-ply laminate tested under very high cycle fatigue loading. Int J Fatigue. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2017.01.045
Ahmadi M, Siadati MH (2011) Synthesis, mechanical properties and wear behavior of hybrid Al/(TiO2+CuO) nanocomposites. J Alloys Compd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.07.363
Amini N, Hayati P (2020) Effects of CuO nanoparticles as phase change material on chemical, thermal and mechanical properties of asphalt binder and mixture. Constr Build Mater. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118996
Blackman BRK, Steininger H, Williams JG, Zuo K (2016) The Fatigue behaviour of Zno nano-particle modified thermoplastics. Compos Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2015.10.021
Cai D, Zhou G, Wang X, Li C, Deng J (2017) Experimental investigation on mechanical properties of unidirectional and woven fabric glass/epoxy composites under off-axis tensile loading. Polym Test. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2016.12.023
Ceschini L, Minak G, Morri A (2006) Tensile and fatigue properties of the AA6061/20 vol.% Al2O3p and AA7005/10 vol.% Al2O3p Composites. Compos Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2005.04.044
Chawla N, Liaw PK, Lara-Curzio K, Ferber MK, Lowden RA (2012) Effect of fiber fabric orientation on the flexural monotonic and fatigue behavior of 2D woven ceramic matrix composites. Mater Sci Eng A. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2012.06.050
de Silva CW (1983) Dynamic testing and seismic qualification practice. Kentucky, America
Dian-sen L, Ming-guang D, Lei J (2021) Elevated temperature effect on tension fatigue behavior and failure mechanism of carbon/epoxy 3D angle-interlock woven composites. Compos Struct. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.113897
Divagar S, Vigneshwar M, Selvamani ST (2016) Impacts of nano particles on fatigue strength of aluminum based metal matrix composites for aerospace. Mater Today. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2016.11.021
Ekoi EJ, Dickson AN, Dowling DP (2021) Investigating the fatigue and mechanical behaviour of 3D printed woven and nonwoven continuous carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites. Compos B Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.108704
Guo J, Wen W, Zhang H, Cui H (2021) A mesoscale fatigue progressive damage model for 3D woven composites. Int J Fatigue. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2021.106455
Hamzah KA, Keat YC, Leng TP, Noor MM, Sazali SA, Yun AY (2015) Tensile strength and hardness property of ABS filled CuO prepared via 3D printing approach. Mater Today. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.050
Hanif A, Usman M, Lu Z, Cheng Y, Li Z (2018) Flexural fatigue behavior of thin laminated cementitious composites incorporating cenosphere fillers. Mater Des. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.12.003
Hatti PS, Sampath Kumar L, Somanakatti AB, Rakshith M (2022) Investigation on tensile behavior of glass-fiber reinforced polymer matrix composite with varying orientations of fibers. Mater Today. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.08.196
http://www.arcmarin.com.tr/urunlerimiz/epoksi-sistemleri64877/detay/197176/laminasyon epoksirecineler-arc-152 Accessed 7 Sept 2021
Huang J, Guo L, Chen L, Wang Z, Li J (2021) Damage evolution of 3D woven carbon/epoxy composites under the tension–compression fatigue loading based on multi damage information. Int J Fatigue. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2021.106566
Kamble M, Lakhnot AS, Bartolucci SF, Littlefield AG, Picu CR, Koratkar N (2020) Improvement in fatigue life of carbon fibre reinforced polymer composites via a Nano-Silica Modified Matrix. Carbon. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2020.08.029
Kothmann MH, Zeiler R, Rios de Anda A, Brückner A, Altstadt V (2015) Fatigue crack propagation behaviour of epoxy resins modified with silica-nanoparticles. Polymer. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2015.01.036
Mahboob Z, Fawaz Z, Bougherara H (2022) Fatigue behaviour and damage mechanisms under strain controlled cycling: comparison of flax–epoxy and glass–epoxy composites. Compos Part A Appl Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2022.107008
Malpota A, Toucharda F, Bergamo S (2015) Fatigue behaviour of a thermoplastic composite reinforced with woven glass fibres for automotive application. Procedia Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.12.641
Mohammadia R, Najafabadi MA, Saghafi H, Zarouchasd D (2020) Fracture and fatigue behavior of carbon/epoxy laminates modified by nanofibers. Compos Part A Appl Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2020.106015
Nayak SY, Shenoy BS, Sultan MT, Kini CR, Rajath SKR, Acharya A, Jaideep JP (2020) Influence of stacking sequence on the mechanical properties of 3D Eglass/bamboo non-woven hybrid epoxy composites. Mater Today. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.385
Pandita SD, Verpoest I (2004) Tension–tension fatigue behaviour of knitted fabric composites. Compos Struct. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2003.08.003
Park BG, Crosky AG, Hellier AK (2008) High cycle fatigue behaviour of microsphere Al2O3–Al particulate metal matrix composites. Compos B Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2008.01.006
Prasad EV, Sivateja C, Sahu SK (2020) Effect of nanoalumina on fatigue characteristics of fiber metal laminates. Polym Test. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2020.106441
Radhakrishnan G, Mathialagan S (2022) Effect of fiber orientation on mechanical behavior of glass fiber reinforced polyethylene terephthalate foam sandwich composite. Mater Today. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.03.623
Rama MRP, Rajesha S, Sita RRK, Ramachandra RV (2017) Evaluation of fatigue life of Al2024/Al2O3 particulate nano composite fabricated using stir casting technique. Mater Today. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.02.204
Roundi W, Mahi AE, Gharad AE, Rebiere J (2017) Experimental and numerical investigation of the effects of stacking sequence and stress ratio on fatigue damage of glass/epoxy composites. Compos B Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.10.044
Ruggles-Wrenn MB, Alnatifat SA (2021) Fully-reversed tension-compression fatigue of 2D and 3D woven polymer matrix composites at elevated temperature. Polym Test. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2021.107179
Saraç İ, Adin H, Temiz Ş (2018) Experimental determination of the static and fatigue strength of the adhesive joints bonded by epoxy adhesive including different particles. Compos B Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.08.006
Selezneva M, Montesano J, Fawaz Z, Behdinan K, Poon C (2011) Microscale experimental investigation of failure mechanisms in off-axis woven laminates at elevated temperatures. Compos Part A Appl Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2011.07.031
Senthilkumar R, Arunkumar N, Hussian MM (2015) A comparative study on low cycle fatigue behaviour of nano and micro Al2O3 reinforced AA2014 particulate hybrid composites. Results Phys. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2015.09.004
Singh KK, Ansari TA, Azam S (2021) Fatigue life and damage evolution in woven GFRP angle ply laminates. Int J Fatigue. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2020.105964
Singh D, Dharshan GNV, Akshay A, Kumar RR, Gaur P, Ganesan C, Joshua JJ, Nisha MS (2022) Investigation of fatigue behavior of Kevlar composites with nano-Graphene filled epoxy resin. Mater Today. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.03.674
Tateoki I, Qiu-bao O (2014) Microstructures and mechanical properties of MgAl2O4 particle-reinforced AC4C aluminum composites. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(14)63354-9
Topkaya T, Solmaz MY, Temiz Ş (2017) Bal peteği sandviç kompozitlerin darbe ön hasarı sonrası yorulma davranışlarının araştırılması. Fırat Üniversitesi. Mechanical Engineering PhD. Thesis
Turner P, Liu T, Zeng X (2016) Collapse of 3D orthogonal woven carbon fibre composites under in-plane tension/compression and out-of-plane bending. Compos Struct. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.01.100
Verma V, Sharma C (2020) Fatigue behavior of epoxy alumina nanocomposite – role of particle morphology. Theor Appl Fract Mech. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2020.102807
Wang M, Laird C (1997) Tension-tension fatigue of a cross-woven C/Sic composite. Mater Sci Eng A. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(97)00018-X
Yadav IN, Thapa KB (2020) Strain-based theoretical fatigue damage model of woven glass-epoxy fabric composite material. JCOMC. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomc.2020.100067
Yu B, Bradley RS, Soutis C, Hogg PJ, Withers PJ (2015) 2D and 3D imaging of fatigue failure mechanisms of 3D woven composites. Compos A. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.06.013
Yudong X, Jianbao H, Haijun Z, Longbin L, Qingliang S, Yanmei K, Le G, Shaoming D (2020) Damage development of a woven SiCf/SiC composite during multi-step fatigue tests at room temperature. Ceram. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.05.270
Zeybek F, (2018) Üç Boyutlu Dokuma ve Örme Kumaşlar ile Takviye Edilen Kompozit Malzeme Yapıları. Aca J Eng Appl Sci
Zhu S, Kaneko Y, Ochi Y, Ogasawara T, Ishikawa T (2004) Low cycle fatigue behavior in an orthogonal three-dimensional woven Tyranno fiber reinforced Si–Ti–C–O matrix composite. Int J Fatigue. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2004.03.001
Zorko D, Tavcar J, Bizjak M, Sturm R, Bergant Z (2021) High cycle fatigue behaviour of autoclave-cured woven carbon fibre-reinforced polymer composite gears. Polym Test. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2021.107339
Acknowledgments
Thanks to Batman University Scientific Research Projects Coordinator to provide financial support for our study. (Project number: .18.007).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Ergün, R.K., Adin, H. Investigation of Effect of Nanoparticle Reinforcement Woven Composite Materials on Fatigue Behaviors. Iran J Sci Technol Trans Mech Eng 47, 729–740 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40997-022-00543-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40997-022-00543-8