Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing is necessary to stimulate deep geothermal reservoirs. Compared with traditional hydraulic fracturing (THF), cyclic hydraulic fracturing (CHF) decreases the breakdown pressure (BP), generates a more complex crack network and reduces the induced seismicity; thus, it has attracted increasing attention. In this work, state-of-the-art studies on CHF are comprehensively reviewed for the first time. Six CHF cyclic loading schemes are clarified, and their stimulation results are discussed. It is difficult to assess which loading schemes are the most advantageous because the reservoir boundary conditions and properties of rock specimens vary. The effects of critical influential factors on the stimulation results of CHF are reviewed in detail. A higher confining pressure generally produces longer cracks, and a lower-viscosity fracturing fluid more easily connects micropores and widens cracks. The existing theoretical and numerical models of CHF, which are based mainly on fracture mechanics and damage mechanics, are summarized and discussed. Based on this comprehensive review, some aspects through which the failure mechanism of CHF can be further understood are suggested. This work can benefit the application of CHF to exploit deep geothermal resources.
Article Highlights
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Six different cyclic hydraulic fracturing schemes are classified, and the corresponding stimulated effects are discussed.
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The effects of the primary influencing factors on cyclic hydraulic fracturing are summarized.
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Recommendations for further studying cyclic hydraulic fracturing are suggested.
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modified from reference (Sun et al. 2020))
modified from reference (Zhuang et al. 2019))
modified from reference (Goyal et al. 2020))
modified from reference (Diaz et al. 2020))
modified from reference (Ji et al. 2021))
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Abbreviations
- AE:
-
Acoustic emission
- BP:
-
Breakdown pressure
- CHF:
-
Cyclic hydraulic fracturing
- CPI:
-
Cyclic progressive injection
- CPP:
-
Cyclic pulse pressurization
- CPUC:
-
Controlled-pressure uniform cyclic injection
- CRUC:
-
Controlled-rate uniform cyclic injection
- EGS:
-
Enhanced geothermal system
- KGD:
-
Kristianovich-Geertsma-de Klerk model
- PKN:
-
Perkins-Kern-Nordgren model
- SPP:
-
Stepwise pulse pressurization
- THF:
-
Traditional hydraulic fracturing
- THMC:
-
Four-field coupling of temperature-hydrological-mechanical-chemical
- VSHTCI:
-
Variable stress holding time cyclic injection
- ∆G :
-
Amplitude of the strain energy (MN/m)
- ∆K :
-
Change in the stress intensity factor (MPa·m0.5)
- ∆t 1 :
-
Peak pressure holding time (s)
- ∆t 2 :
-
Valley pressure holding time (s)
- ∆σ:
-
Cyclic stress amplitude (MPa)
- a :
-
Fracture length (m)
- K c :
-
Critical stress intensity value (MPa·m0.5)
- K IC :
-
Stress intensity factor (MPa·m0.5)
- K max :
-
Maximum stress intensity factor (MPa·m0.5)
- K min :
-
Minimum stress intensity factor (MPa·m0.5)
- m and C :
-
Experimental fitting parameters (m/cy, MPa·m0.5)
- N :
-
Number of cycles –
- N d :
-
Number of limit cycles –
- R :
-
Loading ratio (1)
- U :
-
Elber constant (1)
- σupper limit :
-
Cyclic loading upper limit (MPa)
- σlower limit :
-
Cyclic unloading lower limit (MPa)
- σH :
-
Maximum horizontal principal stress (MPa)
- σh :
-
Minimum horizontal principal stress (MPa)
- σv :
-
Vertical principal stress (MPa)
- ω :
-
Microdamage variable (1)
- t d :
-
Stress holding time (s
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Acknowledgements
This study was funded by Department of Science and Technology of Guangdong Province (No. 2019ZT08G315), National Natural Science Funding of China (Nos. 12172230, 51804203, U2013603, 51827901), and DOE Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering (Nos. DESE202102, DESE202108).
Funding
Department of Science and Technology of Guangdong Province, No. 2019ZT08G315, Heping Xie; National Natural Science Funding of China, No. 12172230, Cunbao Li, No. 51804203, Cunbao Li, No. U2013603, Cunbao Li, No. 51827901, Cunbao Li; DOE Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, No. DESE202102, No. DESE202108, Cunbao Li
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Li, N., Xie, H., Hu, J. et al. A critical review of the experimental and theoretical research on cyclic hydraulic fracturing for geothermal reservoir stimulation. Geomech. Geophys. Geo-energ. Geo-resour. 8, 7 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40948-021-00309-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40948-021-00309-7