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Analysis of surface runoff and sediment yield under simulated rainfall

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Abstract

This study investigates the impacts of varying rainfall intensity, vegetation cover, soil types, catchment slope, and antecedent moisture content (AMC) of soil on surface runoff generation and sediment yield processes in a laboratory-based model catchment under simulated rainfall conditions. The controlled set of 12 experiments were conducted in the model catchment at 2 different bed slope gradients i.e., 0% and 2.5%, 2 different soil types namely silty soil and sandy loam soil, and 3 vegetation coverage’s i.e., 100%, 50%, and 0% (barren). Rainfall intensity was varied in the order of 2.5, 4, 5, 6.25, 5, 4, and 2.5 mm/min for each experiment. Multiple linear regression (MLR) was used to model cumulative runoff load (CRL) and cumulative sediment load (CSL) estimates as a function of the selected influencing variables. The results exhibited that with varying rainfall intensities and catchment characteristics, both surface runoff and sediment yield rates varied substantially. The vegetation plots (both 50% and 100% coverage) generated 10.17% to 18.57% less runoff and 31.44–57.76% less sediment yield from silty soil as compared to a barren plot. Also, when compared to sandy loam soil, silty soil had a higher runoff and sediment yield rate, ranging from 5.46 to 9.12% and 25.08 to 27.94%, respectively, on a 2.5% bed slope gradient. Additionally, the runoff and sediment yield rates were observed to be highly influenced by soil type, with higher rates on silty soil than on sandy loam. The MLR analysis revealed high retrieval accuracies for CRL and CSL models, with R2 values of 0.81 and 0.87 for calibration data and 0.71 and 0.77 for validation data, respectively, and low RMSE values. As a result, the findings of this study may have broader implications for understanding hydrological processes and associated sediment erosion responses to develop efficient water and soil conservation models.

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Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are openly available through email: saif_said@rediffmail.com.

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The authors would like to acknowledge anonymous reviewers for their useful comments and suggestions that have greatly enhanced the quality of this manuscript. The authors did not receive financial support from any organization for the submitted work. The authors disclose no potential competing interest or any potential conflict to the journal editorial office.

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  1. Faculty of Engineering, Laghman University, Laghman, Afghanistan

    Mohammad Khalid Nasiry

  2. Civil Engineering Department, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, 202002, India

    Saif Said & Sarfaraz Ali Ansari

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Nasiry, M.K., Said, S. & Ansari, S.A. Analysis of surface runoff and sediment yield under simulated rainfall. Model. Earth Syst. Environ. 9, 157–173 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-022-01471-x

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