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Complex plankton dynamics induced by adaptation and defense

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Abstract

In this paper, we investigate a model for phytoplankton–zooplankton interaction and incorporated the adaptation (dormancy of the predators such as resting eggs) and defense. The dormant stage is the better equipment to withstand unpleasant environmental conditions than active ones. The ability to defense from predator attack is an important trait shaping prey population dynamics. We study how (i) adaptations allow an organism to be successful in a particular harsh environment, (ii) toxin spread surrounding the water surface provide a defense? Analytically, we study the local stability condition of the model system. To understand the effect of adaptation and defense on plankton dynamics, we have plotted the bifurcation diagram, time series and spatiotemporal pattern. Our numerical investigation reveals that the adaptation can suppress the fluctuation in population density and system shows a transient complex spatiotemporal pattern which is either a mixture of spatially periodic steady states or traveling/standing waves by increasing the time and space.

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Acknowledgements

This research work is supported by Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Govt. of India, under the Grant No. EMR/2017/000607 to the corresponding author (Nilesh Kumar Thakur).

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  1. Department of Mathematics, National Institute of Technology Raipur, Raipur, CG, 492010, India

    Nilesh Kumar Thakur & Archana Ojha

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  1. Nilesh Kumar Thakur
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  2. Archana Ojha
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Correspondence to Nilesh Kumar Thakur.

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Thakur, N.K., Ojha, A. Complex plankton dynamics induced by adaptation and defense. Model. Earth Syst. Environ. 6, 907–916 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-00727-8

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