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Influence of antioxidants on fuel stability of Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel and RSM-based optimization of engine characteristics at varying injection timing and compression ratio

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Abstract

‘Fuel stability’ is one of the most significant properties of biodiesel, which insists the biodiesel stability during prolonged storage period. This paper investigates the effects of commercially available and cheap synthetic antioxidants (PY—pyrogallol, PG—propyl gallate, TBHQ—tert-butylhydroxyquinone, BHT—butylated hydroxytoluene, BHA—butylated hydroxyanisole) on the accelerated oxidation stability, storage stability and thermal stability of Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel. Characterization of biodiesel oxidation variability regarding different antioxidants was evaluated using Fourier Transform Infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy by analyzing the FTIR spectrum regions of C–H bonds of the respective antioxidants/biodiesel blends. TBHQ dosed with pure biodiesel (B20D3) enhances the thermal stability by 12.05%, storage stability by 8.13% and oxidation stability by 25.27%, when compared to those of biodiesel blend (B20) without any antioxidant. The order of effectiveness of antioxidants at constant 1000 ppm concentration with pure biodiesel is obtained as TBHQ > PG > PY > BHT > BHA. B20D3 has been evaluated for the combined effects of varying injection timing (IT) (21°–24° BTDC) and compression ratio (CR) (16.5:1–18:1) on engine characteristics through experimental investigation and response surface methodology optimization. CR of 17.5 and IT of 23° BTDC were found to be optimal values for superior performance and lower emissions with composite desirability of 0.785.

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Abbreviations

C.I:

Calophyllum inophyllum

PY:

Pyrogallol

PG:

Propyl gallate

TBHQ:

Tert-butyl hydroxyquinone

BHT:

Butylated hydroxytoluene

BHA:

Butylated hydroxyanisole

FTIR:

Fourier transform Infra-red

TGA:

Thermo-gravimetric analyzer

OS:

Oxidation stability

TS:

Thermal stability

SS:

Storage stability

I.P:

Induction period

T ON :

Onset temperature

T MAX DGTN :

Maximum degradation temperature

T OFF :

Offset temperature

AV:

Acid value

KV:

Kinematic viscosity

RSM:

Response surface methodology

IT:

Injection timing

CR:

Compression ratio

BTDC:

Before top dead center

BSFC:

Brake specific fuel consumption

BTE:

Brake thermal efficiency

PCP:

Peak cylinder pressure

HRR:

Heat release rate

HC:

Hydrocarbon

CO:

Carbon monoxide

NO x :

Oxides of nitrogen

ASTM:

American society for testing and materials

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Acknowledgement

We thank Human Resource Development Group, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi, India for their support to this research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore, 641013, India

    P. Mohamed Shameer

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore, 641013, India

    K. Ramesh

  3. No 3/14 C, Muslim North Street, Viyasaraja Puram, Kalakad, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, 627501, India

    P. Mohamed Shameer

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Shameer, P.M., Ramesh, K. Influence of antioxidants on fuel stability of Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel and RSM-based optimization of engine characteristics at varying injection timing and compression ratio. J Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng. 39, 4251–4273 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-017-0884-8

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