Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Digital Equity and Students’ Home Computing: A Hong Kong Study

  • Regular Article
  • Published:
The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study explores digital equity by examining gender and socioeconomic differences in students’ use of computers at home. It presents research findings of a territory-wide survey of 825 eighth-graders from 36 secondary schools in Hong Kong. Results of MANOVAs and ANOVAs indicate significant socioeconomic and gender effects on the home computing of students, including (1) socioeconomic difference in access and hours of computer use, learning-related use and parental mediation in guidance and (2) gender difference in learning-related use, and parental mediation in guidance and worry. No interaction effect was observed. The research provides empirical evidence that will stimulate discussion on issues regarding digital equity and students’ home computing.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Anderson, R. E., & Plomp, T. (2008). National Contexts. In N. Law, W. Pelgrum, & T. Plomp (Eds.), Pedagogy and ICT Use in schools around the world: Findings from the IEA SITES 2006 Study (pp. 37–66). Hong Kong SAR: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Angus, L., Snyder, I., & Sutherland-Smith, W. (2004). ICT and educational (dis)advantage: Families, computers and contemporary social and educational inequalities. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 25(1), 3–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: a social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • BECTA. (2003). ImpaCT2: The impact of information and communication technologies on pupil learning and attainment. Coventry: Becta Report.

    Google Scholar 

  • BECTA. (2008). Meeting their potential: the role of education and technology in overcoming disadvantage and disaffection in young people. Coventry: Becta Research Report.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. In J. G. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education (pp. 241–258). New York: Greenwood Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, P. (1996) [1989]. The state nobility: Elite schools in the field of power. Stanford University Press, Stanford.

  • Bucy, E. P., & Newhagen, J. E. (2004). Media access: Social and psychological dimensions of new technology use. Mahwah, N.J.: L. Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carveth, R., & Kretchmer, S. B. (2002). Policy options to combat the digital divide in Western Europe. Informing Science, 5(3), 115–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chan, Y. M. (2000). Self-esteem: A cross-cultural comparison of British-Chinese white-British and Hong Kong Chinese children. Educational Psychology, 20(1), 59–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chan, K., & Ng, Y. L. (2012). Segmentation of Chinese adolescent girls using gender roles and ideal female images. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 29(7), 521–531.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, L. S. (2011). Parental mediation theory for the digital age. Communication Theory, 21, 323–343.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Compaine, B. M. (2001). The digital divide: Facing a crisis or creating a myth?. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, C., & Jewitt, C. (2011). Introduction to the special issue on parental engagement in children’s uses of technologies for learning: Putting policy into practice in the home. Journal of Computer Assisted learning, 27, 289–291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeCoster, J. (2004). Data analysis in SPSS. Retrieved October 2, 2015 from http://www.stat-help.com/notes.html.

  • Drotner, K. (2008). Leisure is hard work: Digital practices and future competencies. In D. Buckingham (Ed.), Youth, identity, and digital media (John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Series on Digital Media and Learning) (p. 167). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Durndell, A., Glissov, P., & Siann, G. (1995). Gender and computing: Persisting differences. Educational Research, 37(3), 219–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • EMB. (2004). Empowering learning and teaching with information technology, July 2004. Hong Kong: Education and Manpower Bureau, Hong Kong SAR Government.

    Google Scholar 

  • Facer, K., Furlong, J., Furlong, R., & Sutherland, R. (2001). Constructing the child computer user: From public policy to private practices. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 22(1), 91–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gamoran, A. (2001). American schooling and educational inequality: A forecast for the 21st century. Sociology of Education, 2001, 135–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gannon, S. (2008). ‘Twenty-four seven on the computers’: Girls ICTs and risk. Gender & Education, 20(4), 361–373.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gil-Aluja, J. (2004). Fuzzy sets in the management of uncertainty. Berlin, New York: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Gunkel, D. J. (2003). Second thoughts: Toward a critique of the digital divide. New Media & Society, 5(4), 499–522.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, S. (1999). Secondary school students’ use of computers at home. British Journal of Educational Technology, 30(4), 331–339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hollingworth, S., Mansaray, A., Allen, K., & Rose, A. (2011). Parents’ perspectives on technology and children’s learning in the home: Social class and the role of the habitus. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 27(4), 347–360.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, H. (2009). Confronting the challenges of participatory culture: Media education for the 21st century. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jewitt, C., & Parashar, U. (2011). Technology and learning at home: Findings from the evaluation of the home access programme pilot. Journal of Computer Assisted learning, 27, 303–313.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, N. (2009). Teenage technological experts’ views of schooling. Australian Educational Researcher, 36, 59–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kalmus, V., Realo, A., & Siibak, A. (2011). Motives for Internet use and their relationships with personality traits and socio-demographic factors. Trames, 15(65/60), 385–403.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kapitzke, C. (2000). Information technology as cultural capital: Shifting the boundaries of power. Education and Information Technologies, 5(1), 49–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kerawalla, L., & Crook, C. (2002). Children’s computer use at home and at school: Context and continuity. British Educational Research Journal, 28(6), 751–771.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lareau, A. (2000). Home advantage: Social class and parental intervention in elementary education (2nd ed.). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lareau, A. (2003). Unequal childhoods class, race, and family life. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lau, W.F. & Yuen, A.H.K. (2014). Internet ethics of adolescents: Understanding demographic differences, Computers & Education, 72, 378–385.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, L. H. (2011). Impact of housing design factors on children’s conduct at school: An empirical study of Hong Kong. Journal of Housing and Building Environment, 26, 427–439.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Light, J. S. (2001). Rethinking the digital divide. Harvard Educational Review, 71(4), 709–774.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Livingstone, S., Haddon, L., Görzig, A., & Ólafsson, K. (2011). EU kids online final report. London: The London School of Economics and Political Science.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loader, B. (1998). Cyberspace divide: Equality, agency and policy in the information society. London; New York: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Moghaddam, G. G. (2010). Information technology and gender gap: Toward a global view. The Electronic Library, 28(5), 722–733.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sáinz, M., & López-Sáez, M. (2010). Gender differences in computer attitudes and the choice of technology-related occupations in a sample of secondary students in Spain. Computers & Education, 54(2), 578–587.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sefton-Green, J. (2004). Literature review in informal learning with technology outside school. Bristol: Futurelab.

    Google Scholar 

  • Selwyn, N. (1998). The effect of using a home computer on students’ educational use of IT. Computers & Education, 31, 211–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Selwyn, N. (2011). Schools and schooling in the digital age. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shek, D. T. L. (1999). Assessment of global parenting style and specific parenting behavior in a Chinese context. Psychologia, 42, 69–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shek, Daniel T. L., & Lee, T. Y. (2007). Family life quality and emotional quality of life in Chinese adolescents with and without economic disadvantage. Social Indicator Research, 80, 393–410.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sølvberg, A. (2002). Gender differences in computer-related control beliefs and home computer use. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 46(4), 409–426.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spera, C. (2005). A review of the relationship among parenting practices parenting styles, and adolescent school achievement. Educational Psychology Review, 17(2), 125–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland, R., Facer, K., Furlong, R., & Furlong, J. (2000). A new environment for education? The computer in the Home. Computers & Education, 34, 195–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sutton, R. E. (1991). Equity and computers in the schools: A decade of research. Review of Educational Research, 61(4), 475–503.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tacq, J. (1997). Multivariate analysis techniques in social science research. London: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tondeur, J., Sinnaeve, I., van Houtte, M., & van Braak, J. (2010). ICT as cultural capital: The relationship between socioeconomic status and the computer-use profile of young people. New Media Society, 13(1), 151–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turkle, S. (2005). The second self: Computers and the human spirit, twentieth anniversary edition. Cambridge: The MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valcke, M., Bonte, S., De Wever, B., & Rots, I. (2010). Internet parenting styles and the impact on Internet use of primary school children. Computers & Education, 55(2), 454–464.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Braak, J., & Kavadias, D. (2005). The influence of social-demographic determinants on secondary school children’s computer use. Experience, Beliefs and Competence, Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 14(1), 43–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Dijk, J. (2012). The network society (3rd ed.). London: Sage Publications Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vekiri, I. (2010). Socioeconomic differences in elementary students’ ICT beliefs and out-of-school experience. Computers & Education, 54, 941–950.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Volman, M., & van Eck, E. (2001). Gender equity and information technology in education: The second decade. Review of Educational Research, 71(4), 613–634.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vryonides, M. (2009). Applying Bourdieu’s concepts of social and cultural capital in educational research in Greece and Cyprus. In K. Robson & C. Sanders (Eds.), Quantifying theory: Pierre Bourdieu. Berlin: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wan, C., Tam, K., Lau, I. Y., Chiu, C., Lee, S., & Peng, S. (2007). Perceived cultural importance and actual self-importance of values in cultural identification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(2), 337–354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warschauer, M. (2003). Technology and social inclusion: Rethinking the digital divide. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warschauer, M., & Matuchniak, T. (2010). New technology and digital worlds: Analyzing evidence of equity in access. Use, and Outcomes, Review of Research in Education, 34(1), 179–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wellington, Jerry. (2001). Exploring the secret garden: The growing importance of ICT in the home. British Journal of Educational Technology, 32(2), 233–244.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winner, L. (1986). The whale and the reactor: A search for limits in an age of high technology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu, M., Yuen, A.H.K., & Park, J., (2012). Students' computer use at home: A study on family environment and parental influence. Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning, 7(1), 3–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuen, A.H.K., Law, N, Lee, M.W., & Lee, Y. (2010). The changing face of education in Hong Kong: Transition into the 21 st century. Hong Kong: Centre for Information Technology in Education, The University of Hong Kong.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This study is a part of the public policy research projects—“Educational Inequality and ICT Use in Schools: Bridging the Digital Divide” (HKU7025-PPR-10) and “Digital Divide in Education: An Experiential Understanding” (HKU7032-PPR-12)—funded by the Government’s Central Policy Unit, and the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Allan H. K. Yuen.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Yuen, A.H.K., Lau, W.W.F., Park, J.H. et al. Digital Equity and Students’ Home Computing: A Hong Kong Study. Asia-Pacific Edu Res 25, 509–518 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-016-0276-3

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-016-0276-3

Keywords

Navigation