Skip to main content
Log in

Psoriatic Disease in the US Latino Population: A Comprehensive Review

  • Review Article
  • Published:
American Journal of Clinical Dermatology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Current evidence suggests that there are notable differences in the severity of psoriasis between racial and ethnic groups. While the US Latino population is growing rapidly, there is little research on the various factors impacting disease severity in this minority population. This review evaluates the current evidence on psoriasis in Latinos within the US. Psoriasis affects the US Latino population at a lower prevalence, with more severe disease and a greater quality-of-life impact than their White counterparts. In addition, Latinos with psoriasis experience higher rates of comorbidities, such as depression, obesity, and diabetes compared with Whites. There is evidence showing non-inferior or better response to systemic treatments, such as etanercept, secukinumab, and brodalumab, in this population. The combination of barriers to care and lack of involvement in research limit the current understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the pathologic outcomes and the environmental and social disparities observed. Future studies that reflect the growing proportion of minorities in the US may help close these knowledge gaps and improve care.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Rachakonda TD, Schupp CW, Armstrong AW. Psoriasis prevalence among adults in the United States. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;70(3):512–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2013.11.013.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Menter A, Korman NJ, Elmets CA, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: section 6. Guidelines of care for the treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: case-based presentations and evidence-based conclusions. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;65(1):137–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2010.11.055.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Kaufman BP, Alexis AF. Psoriasis in skin of color: insights into the epidemiology, clinical presentation, genetics, quality-of-life impact, and treatment of psoriasis in non-white racial/ethnic groups. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2018;19(3):405–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-017-0332-7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Colby SL, Ortman JM. Projections of the size and composition of the US population: 2014 to 2060. US Department of Commerce: Economics and Statistics Administration: US Census Bureau; 2015. Available at: https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2015/demo/p25-1143.pdf. Accessed 1 Nov 2019.

  5. Poon AW, Gray KV, Franco GC, Cerruti DM, Schreck MA, Delgado ED. Cultural competence: serving Latino patients. J Pediatr Orthop. 2003;23(4):546–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. US Census Bureau. Hispanic or Latino origin by specific origin. American Community Survey 1-year Estimates. 2016. Available at: https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_16_1YR_B03001&prodType=table. Accessed 1 Nov 2019.

  7. Vespa J, Armstrong DM, Medina L. Demographic turning points for the United States: population projections for 2020 to 2060. Current Population Reports. 2018. Available at: https://permanent.access.gpo.gov/gpo93743/P25_1144.pdf. Accessed 1 Nov 2019.

  8. Mitrani V. Reducing health disparities for hispanics through the development of culturally tailored interventions. Hisp Health Care Int. 2009;7(1):2–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2008.09.006.EAST.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Moore MM, Sanchez M. Dermatological disease in Latinos in the USA. Expert Rev Dermatol. 2007;2(1):87–100. https://doi.org/10.1586/17469872.2.1.87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Charrow A, Di Xia F, Joyce C, Mostaghimi A. Diversity in dermatology clinical trials a systematic review. JAMA Dermatol. 2017;153(2):193–8. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2016.4129.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Hernández-Vásquez A, Molinari L, Larrea N, Ciapponi A. Psoriasis in Latin America and the Caribbean: a systematic review. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2017;31(12):1991–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.14393.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Raychaudhuri SP, Farber EM. The prevalence of psoriasis in the world. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2001;15(1):16–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Helmick CG, Lee-Han H, Hirsch SC, Baird TL, Bartlett CL. Prevalence of psoriasis among adults in the U.S.: 2003–2006 and 2009–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Am J Prev Med. 2014;47(1):37–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.02.012.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Alexis AF, Blackcloud P. Psoriasis in skin of color: epidemiology, genetics, clinical presentation, and treatment nuances. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2014;7(11):16–24.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Rochon PA, Mashari A, Cohen A, et al. The inclusion of minority groups in clinical trials: problems of under representation and under reporting of data. Acc Res. 2004;11(3–4):215–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/08989620490891412.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Ford ME, Siminoff LA, Pickelsimer E, et al. Unequal burden of disease, unequal participation in clinical trials: Solutions from African American and Latino community members. Health Soc Work. 2013;38(1):29–38. https://doi.org/10.1093/hsw/hlt001.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Blackwell DL, Lucas JW, Clarke TC. Summary health statistics for U.S. adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2012. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat. 2014;10(260):1–161.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Kurd SK, Gelfand JM. The prevalence of previously diagnosed and undiagnosed psoriasis in US adults: results from NHANES 2003–2004. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009;60(2):218–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2008.09.022.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Adsit S, Zaldivar ER, Sofen H, et al. Secukinumab is efficacious and safe in hispanic patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis: pooled analysis of four phase 3 trials. Adv Ther. 2017;34(6):1327–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-017-0521-z.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Shah SK, Arthur A, Yang Y-C, Stevens S, Alexis AF. A retrospective study to investigate racial and ethnic variations in the treatment of psoriasis with etanercept. J Drugs Dermatol. 2011;10(8):866–72.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Robinson JK, Penedo FJ, Hay JL, Jablonski NG. Recognizing Latinos’ range of skin pigment and phototypes to enhance skin cancer prevention. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 2017;30(5):488–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcmr.12598.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Yan D, Afifi L, Jeon C, Cordoro KM, Liao W. A cross-sectional study of the distribution of psoriasis subtypes in different ethno-racial groups. Dermatol Online J. 2018;24(7):0–3.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Khalil FK, Keehn CA, Saeed S, Morgan MB. Verrucous psoriasis: a distinctive clinicopathologic variant of psoriasis. Am J Dermatopathol. 2005;27(3):204–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.dad.0000157450.39033.31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Chandran V, Raychaudhuri SP. Geoepidemiology and environmental factors of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. J Autoimmun. 2010;34(3):J314–J321321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2009.12.001.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Raychaudhuri SP, Gross J. Psoriasis risk factors: role of lifestyle practices. Cutis. 2000;66(5):348–52.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV Surveillance Report. 2016. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/library/reports/surveillance/cdc-hiv-surveillance-report-2016-vol-28.pdf. Accessed 1 Nov 2019.

  27. Stepler R, Hugo Lopez M. U.S. Latino Population Growth and Dispersion Has Slowed Since Onset of the Great Recession. 2016. Available at: https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/2016/09/08/latino-population-growth-and-dispersion-has-slowed-since-the-onset-of-the-great-recession/. Accessed 1 Nov 2019.

  28. Zink A, Herrmann M, Fischer T, et al. Addiction: an underestimated problem in psoriasis health care. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2017;31(8):1308–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.14204.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Chartier K, Caetano R. Ethnicity and health disparities in alcohol research. Alcohol Res Health. 2010;33(1–2):152–60.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Wang TW, Husten CG, Corey CG, et al. Tobacco product use among adults-United States, 2015. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;67(44):1225–322. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6644a2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Yan D, Afifi L, Jeon C, Cordoro KM, Liao W. A cross-sectional study of psoriasis triggers among different ethno-racial groups. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017;77(4):756–758.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2017.04.1109.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Moy JA, McKinley-Grant L, Sanchez MR. Cultural aspects in the treatment of patients with skin disease. Dermatol Clin. 2003;21(4):733–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0733-8635(03)00088-3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Bajaj S, Wolner ZJ, Dusza SW, Braun RP, Marghoob AA, DeFazio J. Total body skin examination practices: a survey study amongst dermatologists at high-risk skin cancer clinics. Dermatol Pract Concept. 2019;9(2):132–8. https://doi.org/10.5826/dpc.0902a09.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Dhana A, Yen H, Yen H, Cho E. All-cause and cause-specific mortality in psoriasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;80(5):1332–433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2018.12.037.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Access to health-care and preventive services among Hispanics and non-Hispanics—United States, 2001–2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004;53(40):937–41.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Abrouk M, Lee K, Brodsky M, et al. Ethnicity affects the presenting severity of psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017;77(1):180–2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2017.02.042.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Buster KJ, Stevens EI, Elmets CA. dermatologic health disparities. Dermatol Clin. 2012;30(1):53–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.det.2011.08.002.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Gloster HM, Neal K. Skin cancer in skin of color. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;55(5):741–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2005.08.063.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. The Global Burden of Disease: Generating Evidence, Guiding Policy. 2013. Available at: https://www.healthdata.org/sites/default/files/files/policy_report/2013/GBD_GeneratingEvidence/IHME_GBD_GeneratingEvidence_FullReport.pdf. Accessed 1 Nov 2019.

  40. Escarce JJ, Kapur K. Hispanics and the future of America: access to and quality of health care. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  41. World Health Organization (WHO). Global report on psoriasis. 2016. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/204417/9789241565189_eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. Accessed 1 Nov 2019.

  42. Goff KL, Karimkhani C, Boyers LN, et al. The global burden of psoriatic skin disease. Br J Dermatol. 2015;172(6):1665–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.13715.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Cohen BE, Martires KJ, Ho RS. Psoriasis and the risk of depression in the US population national health and nutrition examination survey 2009–2012. JAMA Dermatol. 2016;152(1):73–9. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2015.3605.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. McMichael A, Desai SR, Qureshi A, Rastogi S, Alexis AF. Efficacy and safety of brodalumab in patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis and skin of color: results from the pooled AMAGINE-2/-3 randomized trials. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2019;20(2):267–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-018-0408-z.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Menter A, Gottlieb A, Feldman SR, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Section 1. Overview of psoriasis and guidelines of care for the treatment of psoriasis with biologics. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58(5):826–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2008.02.039.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Takeshita J, Grewal S, Langan SM, et al. Psoriasis and comorbid diseases: epidemiology. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017;76(3):377–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2016.07.064.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Young KL, Graff M, Fernandez-Rhodes L, North KE. Genetics of obesity in diverse populations. Curr Diab Rep. 2018;18(12):145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-018-1107-0.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2016: With Chartbook on Long-term Trends in Health. 2017. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus16.pdf. Accessed 1 Nov 2019.

  49. Gelfand JM, Gladman DD, Mease PJ, et al. Epidemiology of psoriatic arthritis in the population of the United States. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;53(4):573–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2005.03.046.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Boehncke W-H, Menter A. Burden of disease: psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2013;14(5):377–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-013-0032-x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Gottlieb A, Korman NJ, Gordon KB, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: section 2. Psoriatic arthritis: overview and guidelines of care for treatment with an emphasis on the biologics. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58(5):851–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2008.02.040.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Leung YY, Fong W, Lui NL, Thumboo J. Effect of ethnicity on disease activity and physical function in psoriatic arthritis in a multiethnic Asian population. Clin Rheumatol. 2017;36(1):125–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-016-3460-1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Yeung H, Takeshita J, Mehta NN, et al. Psoriasis severity and the prevalence of major medical comorbidity: a population-based study. JAMA Dermatol. 2013;149(10):1173–9. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2013.5015.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Shah K, Mellars L, Changolkar A, Feldman SR. Real-world burden of comorbidities in US patients with psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017;77(2):287–292.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2017.03.037.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Carroll MD, Kit BK, Lacher DA, Yoon SS. Total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2011–2012. NCHS Data Brief. 2013;10(132):1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Nwankwo T, Yoon SS, Burt V, Gu Q. Hypertension among adults in the United States: National and Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2011–2012. NCHS Data Brief. 2013;133:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Nieves-Rivera J, Sulia C, Gonzalez R, et al. Psoriasis and coronary artery disease in hispanics. Bol Asoc Med P R. 2016;108(2):65–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Kwa L, Kwa MC, Silverberg JI. Cardiovascular comorbidities of pediatric psoriasis among hospitalized children in the United States. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017;77(6):1023–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2017.08.034.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Diabetes Statistics Report: Estimates of Diabetes and Its Burden in the United States. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1527154408322560

  60. Schneiderman N, Llabre M, Cowie CC, et al. Prevalence of diabetes among Hispanics/Latinos from diverse backgrounds: the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL). Diabetes Care. 2014;37(8):2233–9. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc13-2939.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Fryar CD, Flegal KM. Prevalence of obesity among adults and youth: United States, 2011–2014. NCHS Data Brief. 2015;219:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980017000088.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Langan SM, Seminara NM, Shin DB, et al. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with psoriasis: a population-based study in the United Kingdom. J Investig Dermatol. 2012;132(3 Pt 1):556–62. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2011.365.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Gelfand JM. Psoriasis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and obesity. JAMA Dermatol. 2016;152(7):753. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2016.0670.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Kurd SK, Troxel AB, Crits-Christoph P, Gelfand JM. The risk of depression, anxiety, and suicidality in patients with psoriasis: a population-based cohort study. Arch Dermatol. 2010;146(8):891–5. https://doi.org/10.1001/archdermatol.2010.186.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Schmitt J, Ford DE. Understanding the relationship between objective disease severity, psoriatic symptoms, illness-related stress, health-related quality of life and depressive symptoms in patients with psoriasis—a structural equations modeling approach. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2007;29(2):134–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2006.12.004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Pratt LA, Brody DJ. Depression in the U.S. household population, 2009–2012. NCHS Data Brief. 2014;172:1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Golbari NM, Lockwood SJ, Porter ML, Kimball AB. Understanding patient engagement in psoriasis treatment. Br J Dermatol. 2018;178(4):988–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.16266.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Risser AL, Mazur LJ. Use of folk remedies in a Hispanic population. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1995;149(9):978–81. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.1995.02170220044006.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Ransford HE, Carrillo FR, Rivera Y. Health care-seeking among Latino immigrants: blocked access, use of traditional medicine, and the role of religion. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2010;21(3):862–78. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.0.0348.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Valdez RB, Giachello A, Rodriguez-Trias H, Gomez P, De la Rocha C. Improving access to health care in Latino communities. Public Health Rep. 1993;108(5):534–9.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Caballero AE. Understanding the Hispanic/Latino patient. Am J Med. 2011;124(10 Suppl):S10–S1515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.07.018.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Seijo R, Gomez H, Freidenberg J. Language as a communication barrier in medical care for hispanic patients. Hisp J Behav Sci. 1991;13(4):363–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Radford J, Noe-Bustamante L. Facts on U.S. Immigrants, 2017: Statistical portrait of the foreign-born population in the United States. Pew Research Center. 2019. Available at: https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/2019/06/03/facts-on-u-s-immigrants/. Accessed 13 Oct 2019.

  74. Harvey VM. Racial and ethnic disparities in dermatology office visits among insured patients, 2005–2010. J Health Dispar Res Pract. 2016;9(2):93–131.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Pitkin Derose K, Bahney BW, Lurie N, Escarce JJ. Review: immigrants and health care access, quality, and cost. Med Care Res Rev. 2009;66(4):355–408. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077558708330425.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Halder RM, Nootheti PK. Ethnic skin disorders overview. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;48(6 SUPPL.):143–8. https://doi.org/10.1067/mjd.2003.274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Tyring S, Mendoza N, Appell M, et al. A calcipotriene/betamethasone dipropionate two-compound scalp formulation in the treatment of scalp psoriasis in Hispanic/Latino and Black/African American patients: results of the randomized, 8-week, double-blind phase of a clinical trial. Int J Dermatol. 2010;49(11):1328–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2010.04598.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Bureau of Labor Statistics USD of L. Unemployment rate and employment-population ratio vary by race and ethnicity. The Economics Daily; 2017. Available at: https://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2017/unemployment-rate-and-employment-population-ratio-vary-by-race-and-ethnicity.htm#bls-print. Accessed 1 Nov 2019.

  79. Vega WA, Rodriguez MA, Gruskin E. Health disparities in the latino population. Epidemiol Rev. 2009;31(1):99–112. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxp008.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  80. Gándara P. The Latino Education Crisis.: EBSCOhost. Educational Leadership; 2010. Available at: https://www.ascd.org/publications/educational-leadership/feb10/vol67/num05/The-Latino-Education-Crisis.aspx. Accessed 1 Nov 2019.

  81. Calvo R. Health literacy and quality of care among Latino Immigrants in the United States. Health Soc Work. 2014;41(1):e44–e51. https://doi.org/10.1093/hsw/hlv076.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Chloe Ekelem.

Ethics declarations

Conflicts of Interest

Alyssa Gwen Ashbaugh, Chloe Ekelem, Yessica Landaverde, and Natasha Atanaskova Mesinkovska have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

Funding

The authors received no financial support for this research.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ashbaugh, A.G., Ekelem, C., Landaverde, Y. et al. Psoriatic Disease in the US Latino Population: A Comprehensive Review. Am J Clin Dermatol 21, 265–274 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-019-00498-8

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-019-00498-8

Navigation