Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Serum Electrolytes, Osmolarity and Selected Enzyme Activities of Labeo rohita Juveniles Exposed to Temperature and Salinity Stress: Effect of Dietary l-Tryptophan

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In the present study, Labeo rohita juveniles previously fed with tryptophan (TRP) supplemented diet for 60 days were exposed to temperature and salinity stress for the next 30 days with the same feeding regime to evaluate the stress mitigating efficacy of TRP. After 30 days of exposure to temperature and salinity, the stress exposed groups recorded higher aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities as compared to control. In, liver and muscles, the highest activities of LDH, AST and ALT were observed in TRP0+S+T followed by TRP0+T and TRP0+S groups. Dietary supplementation of TRP was found to significantly reduce the activities of these enzymes in both the tissues. The lowest and highest acetylcholine esterase activity was evidenced in TRP0+S+T and TRP0+NS (control) groups respectively. The serum chloride concentration and serum osmolarity of L. rohita juveniles were significantly increased upon salinity exposure while temperature did not cause any significant change. The lowest concentration of sodium was observed in TRP0+NS while all other salinity exposed groups recorded higher values. A reverse trend was noticed in case of serum potassium concentration, being highest in TRP0+NS. The dietary supplementation of TRP had no significant effect in modulating the potassium as well as chloride concentration. The results of the present experiment suggest that exposure to temperature and salinity alters the serum electrolytes and osmolarity and dietary supplementation of tryptophan helps in ameliorating the stress as evidenced by various enzymic responses.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Akhtar MS, Pal AK, Sahu NP, Alexander C, Gupta SK, Choudhary AK, Jha AK (2010) Stress mitigating and immunomodulatory effect of dietary pyridoxine in Labeo rohita (Hamilton) fingerlings. Aquac Res 41(7):991–1002

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Hochachka W, Somero GN (2002) Biochemical adaptation: mechanism and process in physiological evolution. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  3. Jonassen TM, Imsland AK, Stefansson SO (1999) The interaction of temperature and fish size on growth of juvenile halibut. J Fish Biol 54:556–572

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Massoud FI (1974) Salinity and alkalinity as soil degradation hazards. FAO/UNDP, expert consultation on soil degradation. FAO, Rome, p 21

    Google Scholar 

  5. Akhtar MS, Pal AK, Sahu NP, Ciji A, Meena DK, Das P (2013) Physiological responses of dietary tryptophan fed Labeo rohita to temperature and salinity stress. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr. doi: 10.1111/jpn.12017

  6. Sardella BA, Matey V, Cooper J, Gonzalez RJ, Brauner CJ (2004) Physiological, biochemical and morphological indicators of osmoregulatory stress in ‘California’ Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus × O. urolepis hornorum) exposed to hypersaline water. J Exp Biol 207:1399–1413

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Tejpal CS, Pal AK, Sahu NP, Jha AK, Muthappa NA, Sagar V, Rajan MG (2009) Dietary l-tryptophan mitigates crowding stress and augments the growth in Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings. Aquaculture 293:272–277

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Lepage O, Tottmar O, Winberg S (2002) Elevated dietary l-tryptophan counteracts the stress-induced elevation of plasma cortisol in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J Exp Biol 205:3679–3687

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Hseu JR, Lu FI, Su HM, Wang LS, Tsai CL, Hwang PP (2003) Effect of exogenous tryptophan on cannibalism, survival and growth in juvenile grouper, Epinephelus coioides. Aquaculture 218:251–263

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Hoseini SM, Hoseini SA (2010) Effect of dietary l-tryptophan on osmotic stress tolerance in common carp, Cyprinus carpio, juveniles. Fish Physiol Biochem 36:1061–1067

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Abidi SF, Khan MA (2010) Dietary tryptophan requirement of fingerling rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton), based on growth and body composition. J World Aquac Soc 41:700–709

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Cunniff PA (ed) (1995) Official methods of analysis of the association official analytical chemists, vol 1, 16th edn. AOAC International, Arlington, pp. 31–65

  13. Sastry CSP, Tammuru MK (1985) Spectrophotometric determination of tryptophan in protein. J Food Sci Tech 22:146–147

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Mateen A, Afzal M, Ahmed I, Hafeez-Ur-Rehman M (2004) Salinity tolerance of rohu (Labeo rohita) and its hybrid under different temperature regimes. Int J Agric Biol 6(6):1030–1032

    Google Scholar 

  15. Wooten IDP (1964) Microanalysis. In: Churchill J, Churchill A (eds) Medical biochemistry, 4th edn. J and Α Churchill Ltd., London, pp 101–107

    Google Scholar 

  16. Wrobleuiski L, Ladue JS (1955) LDH activity in blood. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 90:210–213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Hestrin S (1949) The reaction of acetylcholine esters and other carboxylic acid derivatives with hydroxylamine and its analytical application. J Biol Chem 180:249–261

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Augustinsson KB (1957) The reaction of acetylcholine esters and other carboxylic acid derivatives with hydroxylamine and its analytical application. J Biol Chem 180:249–261

    Google Scholar 

  19. Ciji A, Sahu NP, Pal AK, Akhtar MS (2013) Physiological changes in Labeo rohita during nitrite exposure: detoxification through dietary vitamin E. Comp Biochem Physiol C 158:122–129

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Akhtar MS, Pal AK, Sahu NP, Ciji A, Meena DK (2012) Effects of dietary pyridoxine on growth and physiological responses of Labeo rohita fingerlings reared at higher water temperature. Isr J Aquac Bamid 64:777

    Google Scholar 

  21. Bretaud S, Toutant JP, Sagillo P (2000) Effects of carbofuran, diuron and nicosulfuron on acetylcholinesterase activity in gold fish (Carassius auratus). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 47:117–124

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Dembele K, Haubruge E, Gasper C (2000) Concentration effects of selected insecticides on brain acetylcholinesterase in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 45:49–54

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Neeraj K, Prabhu AJP, Pal AK, Remya S, Aklakur M, Rana RS, Gupta S, Raman RP, Jadhao SB (2011) Anti-oxidative and immuno-hematological status of Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) during acute toxicity test of endosulfan. Pest Biochem Physiol 99:45–52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Tejpal CS (2007) Dietary l-tryptophan mitigates crowding stress in Labeo rohita fingerlings. MFSc thesis, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India, p 163

  25. Ciji A, Sahu NP, Pal AK, Dasgupta S, Akhtar MS (2012) Alterations in serum electrolytes, antioxidative enzymes and haematological parameters of Labeo rohita on short-term exposure to sublethal dose of nitrite. Fish Physiol Biochem 38:1355–1365

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Ramesh M, Sivakumari K, Kanagaraj MK, Manavalaramanujam K (1993) Toxicity of dye effluent in lactate dehydrogenase activity in Labeo rohita. J Environ Prot 13:124–127

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Calbreath DF (1992) Clinical chemistry: a fundamental textbook. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  28. Kumar P (2008) Immuno-physiological responses to thermal stress in Labeo rohita and its mitigation. PhD thesis, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India, p 400

  29. Avella M, Berhaut J, Bomancin M (1993) Salinity tolerance of two tropical fishes, Oreochromis aureus, and O. niloticus, 1. Biochemical and morphological changes in the gill epithelium. J Fish Biol 42:243–254

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Das T, Pal AK, Chakraborty SK, Manush SM, Chatterjee N, Mukherjee SC (2004) Thermal tolerance and oxygen consumption of Indian major carps acclimated to four different temperatures. J Thermal Biol 23:157–163

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Rajyasree M, Neeraja P (1989) Aspartate and alanine aminotransferase activities in fish tissue subcellular fractionation on exposure to ambient urea. Indian J Fish 36:88–91

    Google Scholar 

  32. Oluah NS (1999) Plasma aspartate aminotransferase activity in the catfish Clarias albopunctatus exposed to sublethal zinc and mercury. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 63:343–349

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Chatterjee N, Pal AK, Das T, Manush SM, Sarma K, Venkateshwarlu G, Mukherjee SC (2006) Secondary stress response in Indian major carps Labeo rohita (Ham), Catla catla (Ham) and Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham) fry to increasing packing densities. Aquac Res 37:472–476

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Gupta SK, Pal AK, Sahu NP, Saharan N, Prakash C, Akhtar MS, Kumar S (2013) Haemato-biochemical responses in Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758) fry exposed to sub-lethal concentration of a phenylpyrazole insecticide, fipronil. Proc Natl Acad Sci India B. doi:10.1007/s40011-013-0201-y

    Google Scholar 

  35. Marshall WS, Emberley TR, Singer TD, Bryson SE, McCormick SD (1999) Time course of salinity adaptation in a strongly euryhaline estuarine teleost, Fundulus heteroclitus: a multivariable approach. J Exp Biol 202:1535–1544

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Overton J, Bayley M, Paulsen H, Wang T (2008) Salinity tolerance of cultured Eurasian perch, Perca fluviatilis L.: effects on growth and on survival as a function of temperature. Aquaculture 277:282–286

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Lutz PL (1972) Ionic and body compartment responses to increasing salinity in the perch (Perca Fluviatilis). Comp Biochem Physiol 42A:711–717

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Handerland SO, Berge A, Bjornsson BT, Lie O, Stefansson SO (2000) Seawater adaptation by out-of season Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolts at different temperatures. Aquaculture 181:377–396

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Tsuzuki MY, Ogawa K, Strussmann CA, Maita M, Takashima F (2001) Physiological responses during stress and subsequent recovery at different salinities in adult pejerrey Odontesthes bonariensis. Aquaculture 200:349–362

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Tytler P, Ireland J (1994) Drinking and water absorption by the larvae of herring (Clupea harengus) and turbot (Scopthalmus maximus). J Fish Biol 4:103–116

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to the Director, Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai, for providing facilities and financial assistance for carrying out the work. The first author is grateful to CIFE for awarding the Institutional Fellowship.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Fish Nutrition Lab, Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR), Bhimtal, Nainital, 263136, Uttarakhand, India

    M. S. Akhtar

  2. Division of Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Andheri (w), Mumbai, 61, India

    A. K. Pal, N. P. Sahu, A. Ciji & S. Dasgupta

  3. DCFR Field Research Centre, Chirapani, Champawat, Uttarakhand, India

    S. K. Gupta

Authors
  1. M. S. Akhtar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. A. K. Pal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. N. P. Sahu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. A. Ciji
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. S. K. Gupta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. S. Dasgupta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. S. Akhtar.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Akhtar, M.S., Pal, A.K., Sahu, N.P. et al. Serum Electrolytes, Osmolarity and Selected Enzyme Activities of Labeo rohita Juveniles Exposed to Temperature and Salinity Stress: Effect of Dietary l-Tryptophan. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., India, Sect. B Biol. Sci. 84, 973–980 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-013-0284-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-013-0284-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation