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Assessment of the fuel recovery potential of cattle, sheep, and chicken waste fats in diesel engine

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Abstract

In this study, biodiesel was obtained by transesterification method from cattle, sheep, and chicken waste fats not utilized in the nutrition sector. Test fuels were formed by blending the biodiesel with diesel fuel in different proportions (10, 20, 30, 50, and 75%). The experiments were carried out at various engine load in an air-cooled, four-stroke, direct injection, single-cylinder diesel engine using the generated test fuels, 100% AFBD (AFBD100) and pure diesel (D100). For performance, brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) were evaluated, while carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrocarbon (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and smoke were considered for emissions. Experimental results show that BTE increases up to 30% AFBD ratio and that more AFBD additions negatively affect BTE. Maximum BTE was achieved with AFBD10 at 3000 W load and an increase of 8.11% was determined compared to D100 at the same load. Conversely, while BSFC, CO2, and NOx raised with the usage of AFBD, smoke, HC, and CO emissions decreased. In the usage of AFBD-containing fuels, minimum BSFC, CO2, and NOx were obtained with AFBD10, while minimum smoke, HC, and CO were obtained with AFBD100. With the AFBD100 test fuel, smoke, HC, and CO emissions decreased on average by 41.82, 26.14, and 15.65%, respectively, compared to the D100.

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Abbreviations

AFBD:

Animal fat biodiesel

AFBD10:

10% AFBD + 90% Diesel

AFBD20:

20% AFBD + 80% Diesel

AFBD30:

1-30% AFBD + 70% Diesel

AFBD50:

50% AFBD + 50% Diesel

AFBD75:

75% AFBD + 25% Diesel

AFBD100:

100% AFBD

BSFC:

Brake specific fuel consumption

BTE:

Brake thermal efficiency

CO:

Carbon monoxide

CO2 :

Carbon dioxide

D100:

100% Diesel

FFA:

Free fatty acid

HC:

Hydrocarbon

KOH:

Potassium hydroxide

NOx :

Nitrogen oxides

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank all who assisted in conducting this work.

Funding

No financial support was received from any institution or organization for this study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Mechanical Engineering Department, Istanbul Aydın University, İstanbul, Turkey

    S. Simsek

  2. Mechanical Engineering Department, Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey

    S. Uslu

  3. Machinery and Metal Technologies Department, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Tekirdağ, Turkey

    H. Simsek

Authors
  1. S. Simsek
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  2. S. Uslu
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  3. H. Simsek
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Contributions

SS and HS designed the entire experiments. SU established the model, analyzed the results, and wrote the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to S. Uslu.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. The authors acknowledge that no financial interest or benefit has been raised from the direct applications of their research.

Ethical approval

Ethical approval for this study was not sought.

Additional information

Editorial responsibility: Samareh Mirkia.

Appendix A

Appendix A

Uncertainty calculation for HC emission.

Three tests value (ppm)

Max–min value

Analyzer accuracy (1 ppm)

Average value (ppm)

% Uncertainty

Test 1

Test 2

Test 3

Max

Min

1

−1

 + 

–

40.10

40.08

40.12

40.12

40.08

41.12

39.08

40.10

2.538893

−2.538893

46.90

46.97

46.85

46.97

46.85

47.97

45.85

46.91

2.261744

−2.261744

61.45

61.54

61.42

61.54

61.42

62.54

60.42

61.48

1.726476

−1.726476

72.94

72.58

73.01

73.01

72.58

74.01

71.58

72.79

1.674339

−1.674339

111.10

110.54

111.43

111.43

110.54

112.43

109.54

110.99

1.301391

−1.301391

Uncertainty level

1.900568

−1.9005685

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Simsek, S., Uslu, S. & Simsek, H. Assessment of the fuel recovery potential of cattle, sheep, and chicken waste fats in diesel engine. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 19, 11409–11420 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03851-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03851-9

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