Abstract
In this study, biodiesel fuel was produced from waste cooking oil (WCO) using a heterogeneous catalyst under microwave (MB) and conventional (CB) heating, and fueled in an agricultural tractor engine to evaluate the engine performance as well as emissions. The biodiesels presented different fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles where MB had lower unsaturated FAME chains. Beyond the transesterification reaction time, the energy consumed for MB biodiesel production diminished by around eight times compared to that required for CB production. The engine results confirmed the positive influence of blending net diesel fuel with biodiesel for enhancing the engine performance and reducing the emissions. More than 20% increment in the engine power and torque was detected at all engine loads (the engine speed was adjusted at 1500 rpm). The hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and smoke opacity (SO) indicated significant reductions compared to when net diesel fuel was used. According to statistical analysis, CB25 and MB25 fuels presented a suitable combination as fuel where MB25 provided better engine performance, lower HC and SO emissions, with CO emissions reaching the minimum amount by CB fuels.
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Data availability
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Abbreviations
- ANOVA:
-
Analysis of variance
- ASTM:
-
American Society for Testing and Materials
- BSFC:
-
Brake specific fuel consumption
- Bx:
-
Biodiesel blend level
- CO:
-
Carbon monoxide
- CO2 :
-
Carbon dioxide
- IC:
-
Internal combustion
- FAME:
-
Fatty acid methyl ester
- FFA:
-
Free fatty acid
- FID:
-
Flame ionization detector
- GC:
-
Gas chromatography
- HC:
-
Hydrocarbon
- CB:
-
Biodiesel produced via conventional heating method
- MB:
-
Biodiesel produced via microwave heating method
- NOx:
-
Nitrogen oxides
- rpm:
-
Rotation per minute
- SO:
-
Smoke opacity
- WCO:
-
Waste cooking oil
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The authors gratefully acknowledge the Esfarayen University of Technology for the financial support of the research (grant number: 93/11167).
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Hamed Nayebzadeh: conceptualization, data curation, visualization, review and editing. Hassanain AbdulRahman Allami: methodology, investigation, data curation, writing. Shiva Motamedi: methodology, statistical analysis, writing the first draft of the manuscripte. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Allami, H.A., Nayebzadeh, H. & Motamedi, S. The effect of biodiesel production method on its combustion behavior in an agricultural tractor engine. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 5955–5972 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22347-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22347-8