Abstract
Ginseng is a deciduous, perennial herb with diverse pharmacological properties. The usual method for raising seedlings has many problems due to instabilities by the natural environment and diseases. A plant factory system with artificial light (PFAL) can potentially overcome the problems. However, there is a limited understanding of optimal cultivation conditions for raising ginseng seedlings in PFAL. We evaluated the effects of air temperature, photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), electric conductivity (EC) of the nutrient solution, and planting density on the growth and physiological traits of ginseng grown in a closed environment. Root weight at 20 °C was significantly higher than that at 25 °C. Root weight increased under PPFD of 130 µmol m−2 s−1 compared to 30 µmol m−2 s−1; however, there was no difference in root weight between PPFD of 230 µmol m−2 s−1 and 130 µmol m−2 s−1. The PPFD of 370 µmol m−2 s−1 decreased Fv/Fm and root growth. Dense planting increased the specific leaf area and SPAD under PPFD of 220 µmol m−2 s−1, suggesting that competition for light occurred. However, the number of good seedlings (> 0.94 g) per pot increased in proportion to planting density with a higher EC (1.5 dS m−1). In addition, the higher planting density increased the number of available seedlings (0.68 to 0.94 g) regardless of light intensity or EC. Therefore, a plant density higher than the density usually employed for cultivation can be applied to achieve high productivity for the growth of seedlings in PFAL.
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank K. Arakawa, M. Taki, M. Sakai, T. Kurosawa, and A. Uetake for performing sampling and measurement. This study was supported by TSUMURA & CO. (https://www.tsumura.co.jp/english/).
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TK wrote the manuscript and made substantial contributions to the study design. NF supervised this study and amended the manuscript accordingly. Both authors approved the submitted version of the manuscript and agreed to be accountable for any part of the work.
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This study was funded by TSUMURA & CO. The funder provided support in the form of salary for Takashi Kawakatsu. Naoya Fukuda is a supervisor at the University of Tsukuba to which Takashi Kawakatsu belongs, and there was no funding from TSUMURA & CO.
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Kawakatsu, T., Fukuda, N. Dense planting and environmental control (temperature, light intensity, and concentration of nutrient solution) can increase the yield of ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) seedlings in indoor cultivation with artificial light. Hortic. Environ. Biotechnol. 64, 571–582 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13580-022-00506-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13580-022-00506-7