Abstract
The major producers of most mineral commodities possess large market shares and so can raise the market price by restricting their output. For this reason, many assume that they possess market power. However, this article argues that there are two necessary conditions for market power: a market share sufficient to raise the market price is the first; the second is the incentive to do so. Firms that fulfill the first condition do not necessarily satisfy the second. This is because maximizing profits this year by restricting output and raising the market price usually has negative consequences for future profits. In particular, a price higher than the competitive price over time reduces market demand below what it otherwise would be by encouraging consumers to switch to substitute materials and to introduce material-saving new technologies. The higher price also encourages rival firms to increase their capacity and output. The result is a smaller market share and lower, even possibly negative, profits in the future. Failure to recognize the second necessary condition for market power provides a plausible explanation for the widespread perception that the major mineral producers—both firms and countries—possess substantial market power, even where hard evidence of such power is lacking.
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As several reviewers pointed out, there are other factors as well that can constrain the market power of mineral mining firms with large market shares. In some markets, such as iron ore and copper concentrates, sellers negotiate prices with a limited number of large buyers. In addition, in most mineral commodity markets, mining companies ultimately have to compete with secondary producers recycling scrap material. Finally, antitrust or competition policies may restrain the pricing behavior of producers.
References
Radetzki M, Wårell L (2017) A handbook of primary commodities in the global economy, Second edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316416945
Tilton JE, Guzmán JI (2016) Mineral economics and policy. Routledge for RFF Press, New York, NY
US Geological Survey (2017) Mineral Commodity Summaries 2017. Available at https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/
Acknowledgements
Without implicating, I would like to thank Phillip Crowson, Juan Ignacio Guzmán, David Humphreys, and an anonymous referee for their helpful comments on early versions of this article.
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This article is dedicated to Marian Radetzki on the occasion of his 80th birthday (a) for his many professional contributions to our knowledge in the fields of energy and mineral economics, (b) for the impeccable logic with which he dissects and analyzes important policy issues, (c) for his willingness to challenge popular and established ideas and doctrines, and especially (d) for his kind and unwavering friendship over nearly half a century.
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Tilton, J.E. Assessing the market power of mineral commodity producers. Miner Econ 31, 71–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13563-017-0132-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13563-017-0132-9