Abstract
Introduction
Since an average human spends most of the time indoors (ranging from 85% to 90%), the understanding about ambient environment is very important. The indoor environment is majorly polluted from the indoor air pollutants like volatile organic carbon (VOC), semi-volatile organic carbon (SVOC), particulate matter, ozone, oxides of carbon and sulphur, heavy metals, biological contaminants and many more. There has been growing awareness about the adverse health effects of poor indoor air quality (IAQ) in the last two decades; researchers across the globe are performing various studies to assess the IAQ, and the situation in developing and the under-developing country is getting worse day by day due to unplanned and rapid growth.
Methodology
This work is an attempt to catalogue different types of indoor air pollutants in various buildings based on their occupancy; finally, their health effects have also been touched upon. National Building Code of India (Part IV—2005) has been taken under consideration for different types of buildings.
Results and discussion
It has been observed that a number of pollutants are present in the indoor environment; hence, the determination of all the IAQ parameters consumes a lot of time and resources; a set of five to six parameters, i.e., TVOC, oxides of sulphur, carbon and nitrogen, ozone, and respirable suspended particulates, are the most effective indicators for the assessment of indoor air quality. The pollutants in indoor air are classified into three major categories, and the potential sources, health effects of these pollutants and mitigation measures to improve IAQ are listed further in the paper.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Han Y, Zhu N, Lu N, Chen J, Ding Y (2010) The sources and health impacts of indoor air pollution. In: 2010 4th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering. IEEE, pp 1–4
Maroni M, Seifert B, Lindvall T (1995) Indoor air quality: a comprehensive reference book. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Salthammer T, Mentese S, Marutzky RJCR (2010) Formaldehyde in the indoor environment. Chem Rev 110(4):2536–2572
Duan H et al (2016) Characteristics of carbonyls and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in residences in Beijing, China. Front Environ Sci Eng 10(1):73–84
Shrestha IL, Shrestha SL (2005) Indoor air pollution from biomass fuels and respiratory health of the exposed population in Nepalese households. Int J Occup Environ Health 11(2):150–160
Sundell J (1999) Indoor environment and health. National Institute of Publis health, Stockholm
Jones AP (1999) Indoor air quality and health. Atmos Environ 33(28):4535–4564
Standards, B.o.I. (2005) Types of buildings NBC. Standards, B.o.I., New Delhi
BIS (2005) Types of buildings NBC. BIS, New Delhi
Oh T et al (2012) A real-time monitoring and assessment method for calculation of total amounts of indoor air pollutants emitted in subway stations. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 62(5):517–526
Taylor E et al (2015) Characterization and determination of PM2.5 bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHS) in indoor and outdoor air in western Sierra Leone. J Environ Analyt Toxicol 5(307):2161–0525.1000307
Halios CH et al (2005) Investigating cigarette–smoke indoor pollution in a controlled environment. Sci Total Environ 337(1–3):183–190
Karimi A et al (2016) Restrictive pattern of pulmonary symptoms among photocopy and printing workers: a retrospective cohort study. J Res Health Sci 16(2):81
Massey DD, Taneja M (2011) Emission and formation of fine particles from hardcopy devices: the cause of indoor air pollution. In: Monitoring, control and effects of air pollution. pp 121–134
Amodio M et al (2014) Indoor air quality (IAQ) assessment in a multistorey shopping mall by high-spatial-resolution monitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOC). Environ Sci Pollut Res 21(23):13186–13195
Nandan A et al (2020) Estimation of indoor air pollutant during photocopy/printing operation: a computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based study. Environ Geochem Health 42:1–31
Wolkoff P, Kjærgaard SKJ (2007) The dichotomy of relative humidity on indoor air quality. Environ Int 33(6):850–857
Jansz J (2011) Theories and knowledge about sick building syndrome. In: Abdul-Wahab SA (ed) Sick building syndrome. Springer, Berlin, pp 25–58
Kelly TJ et al (1999) Emission rates of formaldehyde from materials and consumer products found in California homes. Environ Sci Technol 33(1):81–88
Nazaroff WW, Weschler CJJ (2004) Cleaning products and air fresheners: exposure to primary and secondary air pollutants. Atmos Environ 38(18):2841–2865
Marchand C et al (2008) Concentrations and determinants of gaseous aldehydes in 162 homes in Strasbourg (France). Atmos Environ 42(3):505–516
EC (2005) HEXPOC human exposure characterisation of chemical substances; quantification of exposure routes. EC, Luxembourg
Khoder M et al (2000) Indoor and outdoor formaldehyde concentrations in homes in residential areas in Greater Cairo. J Environ Monit 2(2):123–126
de Blas M et al (2012) Simultaneous indoor and outdoor on-line hourly monitoring of atmospheric volatile organic compounds in an urban building. The role of inside and outside sources. Sci Total Environ 426:327–335
Winberry WT, Murphy NT, Riggin RM (1988) Compendium of methods for the determination of toxic organic compounds in ambient air. Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory, Office of Research, New Delhi
Nandan A, Siddiqui N, Kumar P (2019) Assessment of environmental and ergonomic hazard associated to printing and photocopying: a review. Environ Geochem Health 41:1–25
Nandan A, Siddiqui NA, Kumar P (2020) Estimation of indoor air pollutant during photocopy/printing operation: a computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based study. Environ Geochem Health 42:3543–3573
Ohura T et al (2009) Comparative study on indoor air quality in Japan and China: characteristics of residential indoor and outdoor VOCs. Atmos Environ 43(40):6352–6359
Kumar A et al (2014) Assessment of indoor air concentrations of VOCs and their associated health risks in the library of Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Environ Sci Pollut Res 21(3):2240–2248
Arashidani K et al (1996) Indoor pollution from heating. Ind Health 34(3):205–215
Levy JI et al (1998) Determinants of nitrogen dioxide concentrations in indoor ice skating rinks. Am J Public Health 88(12):1781–1786
USHealth (1993) Hazardous substances data bank (HSDB, online database). USHealth, Fort Worth
Sexton K, Letz R, Spengler JD (1983) Estimating human exposure to nitrogen dioxide: an indoor/outdoor modeling approach. Environ Res 32(1):151–166
Coburn R, Forster R, Kane PJ (1965) Considerations of the physiological variables that determine the blood carboxyhemoglobin concentration in man. J Clin Investig 44(11):1899–1910
Mercury MJ (1990) International programme on chemical safety, Environmental health criteria. WHO, Geneva, p 118
Lippmann M, Leikauf GD (2020) Environmental toxicants: human exposures and their health effects. Wiley, New York
Lawrence A, Masih A, Taneja AJ (2005) Indoor/outdoor relationships of carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen in domestic homes with roadside, urban and rural locations in a central Indian region. Indoor Air 15(2):76–82
Srogi K (2007) Monitoring of environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a review. Environ Chem Lett 5(4):169–195
Dubowsky SD et al (1999) The contribution of traffic to indoor concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J Exposure Sci Environ Epidemiol 9(4):312–321
Tonne CC et al (2004) Predictors of personal polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposures among pregnant minority women in New York City. Environ Health Perspect 112(6):754–759
Zhu L et al (1997) Highly sensitive automatic analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in indoor and outdoor air. Talanta 45(1):113–118
Lung S, Kao M, Hu SJ (2003) Contribution of incense burning to indoor PM10 and particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons under two ventilation conditions. Indoor Air 13(2):194–199
Liu Y et al (2001) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor and outdoor air of Hangzhou, China. Environ Sci Technol 35(5):840–844
Wilson NK et al (1989) A quiet sampler for the collection of semivolatile organic pollutants in indoor air. Environ Sci Technol 23(9):1112–1116
Mäkeläinen I, Arvela H, Voutilainen AJ (2001) Correlations between radon concentration and indoor gamma dose rate, soil permeability and dwelling substructure and ventilation. Sci Total Environ 272(1–3):283–289
Keller G, Hoffmann B, Feigenspan TJ (2001) Radon permeability and radon exhalation of building materials. Sci Total Environ 272(1–3):85–89
Corsi RL, Chiang, CY (2000) The effect of vacuuming on indoor air particulate matter. In: Proceeding of A&WMA’s 93rd Annual Conference and Exhibition on Indoor Air Quality Issues in Educational/Public/Federal Facilities. Air and Waste Management Association, Salt Lake City, UT
Pope C, Schwartz J, Ransom MJH (1992) Daily mortality and PM10 pollution in Utah Valley. Arch Environ 47:211–217
Saliba N, Atallah M, Al-Kadamany GJAR (2009) Levels and indoor–outdoor relationships of PM10 and soluble inorganic ions in Beirut. Lebanon 92(1):131–137
Development N.C.F.E.A., U. EPA (2006) Air quality criteria for ozone and related photochemical oxidants. Research Triangle Park, EPA, p 821
Davies T et al (1984) Indoor/outdoor ozone concentrations at a contemporary art gallery. J Air Pollut Control Assoc 34(2):135–137
Logan JA (1985) Tropospheric ozone: seasonal behavior, trends, and anthropogenic influence. J Geophys Res Atmos 90(D6):10463–10482
Weschler CJJ (2000) Ozone in indoor environments: concentration and chemistry. Indoor Air 10(4):269–288
Valuntaite V, Girgždiene R (2007) Investigation of ozone emission and dispersion from photocopying machines. J Environ Eng Landsc Manag 15(2):61–67
Baughman A, Arens EA (1996) Indoor humidity and human health—part I: literature review of health effects of humidity-influenced indoor pollutants. ASHRAE Trans 102:192–211
Hulin M et al (2012) Respiratory health and indoor air pollutants based on quantitative exposure assessments. Eur Respir Soc J 40:1033–1045
Organization, W.H. (2010) WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: selected pollutants. WHO, Geneva
Georgakopoulos D et al (2008) Microbiology and atmospheric processes: biological, physical and chemical characterization of aerosol particles. Biogeosciences 6:721–737
Douwes J et al (2003) Bioaerosol health effects and exposure assessment: progress and prospects. Ann Occup Hyg 47(3):187–200
Nazaroff WW (2016) Teaching indoor environmental quality. Indoor Air 26(4):515–516
Han Y, Zhu N, Lu N, Chen J, Ding Y (2010) The sources and health impacts of indoor air pollution. In: 2010 4th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering. IEEE, pp 1–4
Bholah R, Subratty AJ (2002) Indoor biological contaminants and symptoms of sick building syndrome in office buildings in Mauritius. Int J Environ Health Res 12(1):93–98
Ramachandran G et al (2005) Indoor air quality in two urban elementary schools—measurements of airborne fungi, carpet allergens, CO2, temperature, and relative humidity. J Occup Environ Hyg 2(11):553–566
Hung L-L (1996) Mycology and indoor air quality. Labor Med 27(7):454–460
Duflo E et al (2008) Indoor air pollution, health and economic well-being. Surv Perspect Integr Environ Soc 1:1–9
Simoni M et al (1998) The Po river delta (North Italy) indoor epidemiological study: home characteristics, indoor pollutants, and subjects’ daily activity pattern. Indoor Air 8(2):70–79
Finnegan M, Pickering C, Burge PJ (1984) The sick building syndrome: prevalence studies. Br J Clin Res Ed 289(6458):1573–1575
Pouli AE et al (2003) The cytotoxic effect of volatile organic compounds of the gas phase of cigarette smoke on lung epithelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med 34(3):345–355
Bornehag C-G et al (2004) The association between asthma and allergic symptoms in children and phthalates in house dust: a nested case-control study. Environ Health Perspect 112(14):1393–1397
Zhang X et al (2017) Effects of exposure to carbon dioxide and bioeffluents on perceived air quality, self-assessed acute health symptoms, and cognitive performance. Indoor Air 27(1):47–64
Seppänen O, Fisk W, Mendell MJ (1999) Association of ventilation rates and CO2 concentrations with health andother responses in commercial and institutional buildings. Indoor Air 9(4):226–252
Arundel AV et al (1986) Indirect health effects of relative humidity in indoor environments. Environ Health Perspect 65:351–361
Van Loenhout J et al (2016) The effect of high indoor temperatures on self-perceived health of elderly persons. Environ Res 146:27–34
Kim Y-M et al (2012) Effects of heat wave on body temperature and blood pressure in the poor and elderly. Environ Health Toxicol 27:e2012013
Neas LM et al (1991) Association of indoor nitrogen dioxide with respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function in children. Am J Epidemiol 134(2):204–219
Bernard SM et al (2001) The potential impacts of climate variability and change on air pollution-related health effects in the United States. Environ Health Perspect 109(Suppl 2):199–209
Neas LM et al (1994) Concentration of indoor particulate matter as a determinant of respiratory health in children. Am J Epidemiol 139(11):1088–1099
United E (2004) Air quality criteria for particulate matter. Citeseer, Princeton
Shimer D, Phillips T, Jenkins P (2005) Report to the California Legislature: indoor air pollution in California. California Environmental Protection Agency Air Resources Board, Sacramento
Bodavari S (2006) The Merck Index. Wiley, New York
Cometto-Muñiz JE, Cain WS, Abraham MH (2004) Detection of single and mixed VOCs by smell and by sensory irritation. Indoor Air 14:108–117
Berglund B et al (1992) Effects of indoor air pollution on human health. Indoor Air 2(1):2–25
Zhang J, Lioy PJ (1994) Ozone in residential air: concentrations, I/O ratios, indoor chemistry, and exposures. Indoor Air 4(2):95–105
Weschler CJ (2006) Ozone’s impact on public health: contributions from indoor exposures to ozone and products of ozone-initiated chemistry. Environ Health Perspect 114(10):1489–1496
Council NR (1988) Health risks of radon and other internally deposited alpha-emitters: BEIR IV, vol 4. National Academies Press, Washington, DC
Laurier D, Valenty M, Tirmarche M (2001) Radon exposure and the risk of leukemia: a review of epidemiological studies. Health Phys 81(3):272–288
Šrám RJ et al (2005) Ambient air pollution and pregnancy outcomes: a review of the literature. Environ Health Perspect 113(4):375–382
Sizonenko SV et al (2006) Impact of intrauterine growth restriction and glucocorticoids on brain development: insights using advanced magnetic resonance imaging. Mol Cell Endocrinol 254:163–171
Miller RL et al (2004) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, environmental tobacco smoke, and respiratory symptoms in an inner-city birth cohort. Chest 126(4):1071–1078
Jeon HL et al (2010) Assessment of airborne bioaerosols in Korean apartment houses. Toxicol Environ Health Sci 2(4):268–273
Braun-Fahrländer C et al (2002) Environmental exposure to endotoxin and its relation to asthma in school-age children. N Engl J Med 347(12):869–877
Kim K-H, Kabir E, Jahan SA (2018) Airborne bioaerosols and their impact on human health. J Environ Sci 67:23–35
McLean D et al (2004) Mortality and cancer incidence in New Zealand meat workers. Occup Environ Med 61(6):541–547
Yassin MF, AlThaqeb BE, Al-Mutiri EA (2012) Assessment of indoor PM2.5 in different residential environments. Atmos Environ 56:65–68
Bernstein JA et al (2008) The health effects of nonindustrial indoor air pollution. J Allergy Clin Immunol 121(3):585–591
Almeida-Silva M, Wolterbeek HT, Almeida SJAE (2014) Elderly exposure to indoor air pollutants. Atmos Environ 85:54–63
Kankaria A et al (2014) Indoor air pollution in India: Implications on health and its control. Indian J Community Med Off Publ Indian Assoc Prev Soc Med 39(4):203
Irga P, Torpy FJ (2016) Indoor air pollutants in occupational buildings in a sub-tropical climate: comparison among ventilation types. Build Environ 98:190–199
Wittmaack K et al (2005) An overview on bioaerosols viewed by scanning electron microscopy. Sci Total Environ 346(1–3):244–255
Brooks BO (1991) Understanding indoor air quality. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Lawrence AJ, Taneja AJI, Environment B (2005) An investigation of indoor air quality in rural residential houses in India—a case study. Indoor Built Environ 14(3–4):321–329
Zhang J, Smith KR (2007) Household air pollution from coal and biomass fuels in China: measurements, health impacts, and interventions. Environ Health Perspect 115(6):848–855
Liu K-S et al (2000) Unintentional carbon monoxide deaths in California from residential and other nonvehicular sources. Arch Environ Health Int J 55(6):375–381
Spengler JD, McCarthy JF, Samet JM (2000) Indoor air quality handbook. McGraw Hill Professional, New York
Lee SC, Li W-M, Ao C-H (2002) Investigation of indoor air quality at residential homes in Hong Kong—case study. Atmos Environ 36(2):225–237
Kamens R, Wiener R, Leith D (1991) A study of characterize indoor particles in three non-smoking homes. Atmos Environ Part A Gen Top 25(5–6):939–948
Kassomenos P et al (2014) Study of PM10 and PM2.5 levels in three European cities: analysis of intra and inter urban variations. Atmos Environ 87:153–163
Lim JM et al (2011) The analysis of PM2.5 and associated elements and their indoor/outdoor pollution status in an urban area. Indoor Air 21(2):145–155
Zhou Z et al (2016) Indoor PM2.5 concentrations in residential buildings during a severely polluted winter: a case study in Tianjin, China. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 64:372–381
Ji W, Zhao BJB (2015) Contribution of outdoor-originating particles, indoor-emitted particles and indoor secondary organic aerosol (SOA) to residential indoor PM2.5 concentration: a model-based estimation. Build Environ 90:196–205
Burge HA (1995) Aerobiology of the indoor environment. Occup Med 10(1):27
Lee J-H, Jo W-K (2006) Characteristics of indoor and outdoor bioaerosols at Korean high-rise apartment buildings. Environ Res 101(1):11–17
De-qiao SUN (2009) Formaldehyde pollution survey of newly decorated residence and prevention methods in Tianjin. J Changchun Univ Technol (Natural Science Edition) 2
Liu L et al (2017) The Research on formaldehyde concentration distribution in new decorated residential buildings. Procedia Eng 205:1535–1541
Agency U.E.P. (2002) Integrated risk information system (IRIS) on benzene. U.E.P., Washington
Mølhave L, Bach B, Pedersen OF (1986) Human reactions to low concentrations of volatile organic compounds. Environ Int 12(1–4):167–175
Yu C, Crump D (1998) A review of the emission of VOCs from polymeric materials used in buildings. Build Environ 33(6):357–374
Crump DR et al (1997) Sources and concentrations of formaldehyde and other volatile organic compounds in the indoor air of four newly built unoccupied test houses. Indoor Built Environ 6(1):45–55
Missia DA et al (2010) Indoor exposure from building materials: a field study. Atmos Environ 44(35):4388–4395
Lerner JC et al (2012) Characterization and health risk assessment of VOCs in occupational environments in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Atmos Environ 55:440–447
Chan CS et al (2011) Characterisation of volatile organic compounds at hotels in southern China. Indoor Bulit Environ 20(4):420–429
Raiyani C et al (1993) Assessment of indoor exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for urban poor using various types of cooking fuels. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 50(5):420–429
Delgado-Saborit JM, Stark C, Harrison RM (2011) Carcinogenic potential, levels and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures in indoor and outdoor environments and their implications for air quality standards. Environ Int 37(2):383–392
Chatzidiakou L, Mumovic D, Summerfield AJ (2012) What do we know about indoor air quality in school classrooms? A critical review of the literature. Intell Build Int 4(4):228–259
Pegas P et al (2011) Indoor air quality in elementary schools of Lisbon in spring. Environ Geochem Health 33(5):455–468
Almeida RM et al (2017) Natural ventilation and indoor air quality in educational buildings: experimental assessment and improvement strategies. Energy Effic 10(4):839–854
Basińska M, Michałkiewicz M, Ratajczak K (2019) Impact of physical and microbiological parameters on proper indoor air quality in nursery. Environ Int 132:105098
Ali HH et al (2009) Evaluating indoor environmental quality of public school buildings in Jordan. Indoor Built Environ 18(1):66–76
Annesi-Maesano I et al (2013) Indoor air quality and sources in schools and related health effects. J Toxicol Environ Health Part B 16(8):491–550
Torres VM (2000) Indoor air quality in schools. Environ Chem Lett 12:467–482
Levetin E et al (1995) Indoor air quality in schools: exposure to fungal allergens. Aerobiologia 11(1):27–34
Amato F et al (2014) Sources of indoor and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations in primary schools. Sci Total Environ 490:757–765
Bennett J et al (2019) Sources of indoor air pollution at a New Zealand urban primary school; a case study. Atmos Pollut Res 10(2):435–444
Razali NYY et al (2015) Concentration of particulate matter, CO and CO2 in selected schools in Malaysia. Build Environ 87:108–116
Jovanović M et al (2014) Investigation of indoor and outdoor air quality of the classrooms at a school in Serbia. Energy 77:42–48
Raysoni AU et al (2013) Characterization of traffic-related air pollutant metrics at four schools in El Paso, Texas, USA: implications for exposure assessment and siting schools in urban areas. Atmos Environ 80:140–151
de Gennaro G et al (2014) Indoor air quality in schools. Environ Chem Lett 12(4):467–482
Darus FM et al (2012) Heavy metals composition of indoor dust in nursery schools building. Procedia Soc Behavior Sci 38:169–175
Chithra V, Shiva Nagendra SN (2018) A review of scientific evidence on indoor air of school building: pollutants, sources, health effects and management. Asian J Atmos Environ 12(2):87–108
Maragkidou A et al (2017) Occupational health risk assessment and exposure to floor dust PAHs inside an educational building. Sci Total Environ 579:1050–1056
Norbäck D et al (1990) Volatile organic compounds, respirable dust, and personal factors related to prevalence and incidence of sick building syndrome in primary schools. Occup Environ Med 47(11):733–741
Kielb C et al (2015) Building-related health symptoms and classroom indoor air quality: a survey of school teachers in New York State. Indoor Air 25(4):371–380
Putus T, Tuomainen A, Rautiala S (2004) Chemical and microbial exposures in a school building: adverse health effects in children. Arch Environ Health Int J 59(4):194–201
El-Sharkawy MF, Noweir MEH (2014) Indoor air quality levels in a University Hospital in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. J Fam Community Med 21(1):39
Verde SC et al (2015) Microbiological assessment of indoor air quality at different hospital sites. Res Microbiol 166(7):557–563
Cacho C, Ventura Silva G, Martins AO, Fernandes EO, Saraga DE, Dimitroulopoulou C, Bartzis JG, Rembges D, Barrero-Moreno J, Kotzias D (2013) Air pollutants in office environments and emissions from electronic equipment: a review. Fresen Environ Bull 22(9)
Jung C-C et al (2015) Indoor air quality varies with ventilation types and working areas in hospitals. Build Environ 85:190–195
Zdrojewicz Z, Strzelczyk J (2006) Radon treatment controversy. Dose Response 4(2):dose-response
Dascalaki EG et al (2008) Air quality in hospital operating rooms. Build Environ 43(11):1945–1952
Tortora MJ et al (2003) Comparison of waste anesthetic gas exposures to operating room staff during cases using LMAs and ETTs. Chem Health Saf 10(3):19–21
Śmiełowska M et al (2017) Indoor air quality in public utility environments—a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24(12):11166–11176
Huang P-C et al (2009) Association between prenatal exposure to phthalates and the health of newborns. Environ Int 35(1):14–20
Bustamante-Montes L et al (2013) Prenatal exposure to phthalates is associated with decreased anogenital distance and penile size in male newborns. J Dev Origins Health Dis 4(4):300–306
Sofuoglu SC et al (2015) Indoor air quality in a restaurant kitchen using margarine for deep-frying. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22(20):15703–15711
Zhong L et al (1999) Lung cancer and indoor air pollution arising from Chinese-style cooking among nonsmoking women living in Shanghai, China. Epidemiology 10:488–494
Zhao Y, Zhao B (2018) Emissions of air pollutants from Chinese cooking: a literature review. Build Simul 11:977–995
Taner S, Pekey B, Pekey H (2013) Fine particulate matter in the indoor air of barbeque restaurants: elemental compositions, sources and health risks. Sci Total Environ 454:79–87
Raute LJ et al (2011) Smoking ban and indoor air quality in restaurants in Mumbai, India. Indian J Occup Environ Med 15(2):68
Siegel MJJ (1993) Involuntary smoking in the restaurant workplace: a review of employee exposure and health effects. JAMA 270(4):490–493
Lee S, Chan L, Chiu MJ (1999) Indoor and outdoor air quality investigation at 14 public places in Hong Kong. Environ Int 25(4):443–450
Brimblecombe P (1990) The composition of museum atmospheres. Atmos Environ Part B Urban Atmos 24(1):1–8
Brimblecombe P et al (1999) The indoor environment of a modern museum building, the Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts, Norwich, UK. Indoor Air 9(3):146–164
Ferdyn-Grygierek JJ (2016) Monitoring of indoor air parameters in large museum exhibition halls with and without air-conditioning systems. Build Environ 107:113–126
Chiang K-C et al (2009) Assessing hazardous risks of human exposure to temple airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J Hazard Mater 166(2–3):676–685
Chiang K-C, Liao C-M (2006) Heavy incense burning in temples promotes exposure risk from airborne PMs and carcinogenic PAHs. Sci Total Environ 372(1):64–75
Lin T-C et al (2008) Incense smoke: clinical, structural and molecular effects on airway disease. Clin Mol Allergy 6(1):3
Ramos C et al (2014) Exposure to indoor air pollutants during physical activity in fitness centers. Build Environ 82:349–360
Demianiuk A et al (2010) The changes of carbon dioxide concentration in a cinema auditorium. Budownictwo i Inżynieria Środowiska 1(2):105–110
Kim YM et al (2001) Concentrations and sources of VOCs in urban domestic and public microenvironments. Environ Sci Technol 35(6):997–1004
Baek S-O, Kim Y-S, Perry RJ (1997) Indoor air quality in homes, offices and restaurants in Korean urban areas—indoor/outdoor relationships. Atmos Environ 31(4):529–544
Nathanson TJ (1995) Occupational health, and welfare, indoor air quality in office buildings: a technical guide. Canadian Government Publishing, Ontario
Mølhave L et al (1997) Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) in indoor air quality investigations. Indoor Air 7(4):225–240
Wallace L, Pellizzari E, Wendel CJ (1991) Total volatile organic concentrations in 2700 personal, indoor; and outdoor air samples collected in the US EPA TEAM studies. Indoor Air 1(4):465–477
Brown SK et al (1994) Concentrations of volatile organic compounds in indoor air—a review. Indoor Air 4(2):123–134
Ekberg LE (1994) Volatile organic compounds in office buildings. Atmos Environ 28(22):3571–3575
Wolkoff P et al (1991) The Danish twin apartment study; part I: formaldehyde and long-term VOC measurements. Indoor Air 1(4):478–490
Teunissen CJ (1998) International conference on volatile organic compounds in the environment. Indoor Bulit Environ 7(1):57–58
Chao CY, Chan GY (2001) Quantification of indoor VOCs in twenty mechanically ventilated buildings in Hong Kong. Atmos Environ 35(34):5895–5913
Hodgson A et al (2000) Volatile organic compound concentrations and emission rates in new manufactured and site-built houses. Indoor Air 10(3):178–192
Godish T (2019) Indoor air pollution control. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Ilgen E et al (2001) Aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmospheric environment: part I. Indoor versus outdoor sources, the influence of traffic. Atmos Environ 35(7):1235–1252
Salonen HJ et al (2009) Airborne concentrations of volatile organic compounds, formaldehyde and ammonia in Finnish office buildings with suspected indoor air problems. J Occup Environ Hyg 6(3):200–209
Guo H et al (2003) Source characterization of BTEX in indoor microenvironments in Hong Kong. Atmos Environ 37(1):73–82
Wong L, Mui KJ (2007) Evaluation on four sampling schemes for assessing indoor air quality. Build Environ 42(3):1119–1125
Girman J, Baker B, Burton LJIA (2002) Prevalence of potential sources of indoor air pollution in US office buildings. Indoor Air 2(1):438–443
Tuomi T et al (2000) Mycotoxins in crude building materials from water-damaged buildings. Appl Environ Micrbiol 66(5):1899–1904
Fang L et al (2004) Impact of indoor air temperature and humidity in an office on perceived air quality, SBS symptoms and performance. Indoor Air 14:74–81
Wyon DP, Wargocki P (2006) Indoor air quality effects on office work. In: Clements-Croome D (ed) Creating the productive workplace. Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, pp 193–205
Godish T (1981) Formaldehyde and building-related illness. J Environ Health 44:116–121
Wong CA, Ahmad MI (2017) Indoor air quality investigation in manufacturing and storing areas inside a food industry
Gładyszewska-Fiedoruk K, Nieciecki M (2016) Indoor air quality in a multi-car garage. Energy Procedia 95:132–139
Nirvan G et al (2012) Contaminant transport through the garage–house interface leakage. Build Environ 56:176–183
Papakonstantinou K et al (2003) Air quality in an underground garage: computational and experimental investigation of ventilation effectiveness. Energy Build 35(9):933–940
Padhi B et al (2010) Assessment of intra-urban variability in indoor air quality and its impact on children’s health. Air Qual Atmos Health 3(3):149–158
Taneja A, Saini R, Masih A (2008) Indoor air quality of houses located in the urban environment of Agra, India. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1140(1):228–245
Chithra V, Shiva Nagendra SM (2012) Indoor air quality investigations in a naturally ventilated school building located close to an urban roadway in Chennai, India. Build Environ 54:159–167
Wolkoff P (2013) Indoor air pollutants in office environments: assessment of comfort, health, and performance. Int J Hyg Environ Health 216(4):371–394
Maroni M, Axelrad R, Bacaloni A (1995) NATO’s efforts to set indoor air quality guidelines and standards. AIHAJ 56(5):499–508
Maroni M (1998) Health effects of indoor air pollutants and their mitigation and control. Radiat Prot Dosim 78(1):27–32
Sakai K et al (2004) A comparison of indoor air pollutants in Japan and Sweden: formaldehyde, nitrogen dioxide, and chlorinated volatile organic compounds. Environ Res 94(1):75–85
Yu B et al (2009) Review of research on air-conditioning systems and indoor air quality control for human health. Int J Refrig 32(1):3–20
Liu J, Tao Y, Wen T (1992) Decreasing characteristics of formaldehyde and benzene concentrations in indoor air after decoration. J Environ Health 5
Liu Y-J et al (2007) Which ornamental plant species effectively remove benzene from indoor air? Atmos Environ 41(3):650–654
Acknowledgements
This project did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
Abhishek Nandan, N. A. Siddiqui, Chandrakant Singh and Ashish Aeri declare that we have no conflict of interest.
Ethical statement
This article does not contain any studies involving animals performed by any of the authors.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Nandan, A., Siddiqui, N.A., Singh, C. et al. Occupational and environmental impacts of indoor air pollutant for different occupancy: a review. Toxicol. Environ. Health Sci. 13, 303–322 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13530-021-00102-9
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13530-021-00102-9