Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

RSSDI clinical practice recommendations for diagnosis, prevention, and control of the diabetes mellitus-tuberculosis double burden

  • Guidelines
  • Published:
International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

References

  1. International Diabetes Federation. IDF diabetes atlas. Seventh edition; 2015.

  2. World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report 2016. Geneva, Switzerland; 2016.

  3. Ruslami R, Aarnoutse RE, Alisjahbana B, van der Ven AJ, van Crevel R. Implications of the global increase of diabetes for tuberculosis control and patient care. Tropical Med Int Health. 2010;15(11):1289–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Jeon CY, Murray MB. Diabetes mellitus increases the risk of active tuberculosis: a systematic review of 13 observational studies. PLoS Med. 2008;5(7):e152.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Harries AD, Satyanarayana S, Kumar AM, Nagaraja SB, Isaakidis P, Malhotra S, et al. Epidemiology and interaction of diabetes mellitus and tuberculosis and challenges for care: a review. Public Health Action. 2013;3(Suppl 1):S3–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Faurholt-Jepsen D, Range N, PrayGod G, Jeremiah K, Faurholt-Jepsen M, Aabye MG, et al. Diabetes is a strong predictor of mortality during tuberculosis treatment: a prospective cohort study among tuberculosis patients from Mwanza, Tanzania. Tropical Med Int Health. 2013;18(7):822–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Dooley KE, Chaisson RE. Tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus: convergence of two epidemics. Lancet Infect Dis. 2009;9(12):737–46.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. The Lancet Diabetes E. Diabetes and tuberculosis—a wake-up call. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2(9):677.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Tsai AC, Mendenhall E, Trostle JA, Kawachi I. Co-occurring epidemics, syndemics, and population health. Lancet. 2017;389(10072):978–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Perez-Navarro LM, Restrepo BI, Fuentes-Dominguez FJ, Duggirala R, Morales-Romero J, Lopez-Alvarenga JC, et al. The effect size of type 2 diabetes mellitus on tuberculosis drug resistance and adverse treatment outcomes. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2017;103:83–91.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Workneh MH, Bjune GA, Yimer SA. Prevalence and associated factors of tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus comorbidity: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2017;12(4):e0175925.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Lonnroth K, Roglic G, Harries AD. Improving tuberculosis prevention and care through addressing the global diabetes epidemic: from evidence to policy and practice. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2(9):730–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Zheng C, Hu M, Gao F. Diabetes and pulmonary tuberculosis: a global overview with special focus on the situation in Asian countries with high TB-DM burden. Glob Health Action. 2017;10(1):1–11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Viswanathan V, Kumpatla S, Aravindalochanan V, Rajan R, Chinnasamy C, Srinivasan R, et al. Prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes and associated risk factors among tuberculosis patients in India. PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e41367.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Balakrishnan S, Vijayan S, Nair S, Subramoniapillai J, Mrithyunjayan S, Wilson N, et al. High diabetes prevalence among tuberculosis cases in Kerala, India. PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e46502.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Manjareeka M, Palo SK, Swain S, Pati S, Pati S. Diabetes mellitus among newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients in Tribal Odisha: an exploratory study. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10(10):LC06–LC8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Singh SP, Singh SP, Kishan J, Kaur S, Ramana S. Association of tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus: an analysis of 1000 consecutively admitted cases in a tertiary care hospital of North India. Pan Afr Med J. 2016;24:4.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Raghuraman S, Vasudevan KP, Govindarajan S, Chinnakali P, Panigrahi KC. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus among tuberculosis patients in urban Puducherry. N Am J Med Sci. 2014;6(1):30–4.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Mansuri SC, Chaudhari A, Singh A, Malek R, Viradiya R. Prevalence of diabetes among tuberculosis patients at urban health centre, Ahmedabad. Int J Sci Study. 2015;3(4):115–8.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Agarwal AK, Gupta G, Marskole P, Agarwal A. A study of the patients suffering from tuberculosis and tuberculosis-diabetes comorbidity in revised National Tuberculosis Control Program Centers of Northern Madhya Pradesh, India. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2017;21(4):570–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Anjana RM, Deepa M, Pradeepa R, Mahanta J, Narain K, Das HK, et al. Prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes in 15 states of India: results from the ICMR-INDIAB population-based cross-sectional study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5(8):585–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Stalenhoef JE, Alisjahbana B, Nelwan EJ, van der Ven-Jongekrijg J, Ottenhoff TH, van der Meer JW, et al. The role of interferon-gamma in the increased tuberculosis risk in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008;27(2):97–103.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Hodgson K, Morris J, Bridson T, Govan B, Rush C, Ketheesan N. Immunological mechanisms contributing to the double burden of diabetes and intracellular bacterial infections. Immunology. 2015;144(2):171–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Restrepo BI, Fisher-Hoch SP, Smith B, Jeon S, Rahbar MH, McCormick JB, et al. Mycobacterial clearance from sputum is delayed during the first phase of treatment in patients with diabetes. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008;79(4):541–4.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Baker MA, Harries AD, Jeon CY, Hart JE, Kapur A, Lonnroth K, et al. The impact of diabetes on tuberculosis treatment outcomes: a systematic review. BMC Med. 2011;9:81.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Rayfield EJ, Ault MJ, Keusch GT, Brothers MJ, Nechemias C, Smith H. Infection and diabetes: the case for glucose control. Am J Med. 1982;72(3):439–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Jawad F, Shera AS, Memon R, Ansari G. Glucose intolerance in pulmonary tuberculosis. J Pak Med Assoc. 1995;45(9):237–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Oluboyo PO, Erasmus RT. The significance of glucose intolerance in pulmonary tuberculosis. Tubercle. 1990;71(2):135–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. World Health Organization and The International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. Provisional collaborative framework for care and control of tuberculosis and diabetes. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Harries AD, Kumar AM, Satyanarayana S, Lin Y, Zachariah R, Lonnroth K, et al. Addressing diabetes mellitus as part of the strategy for ending TB. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2016;110(3):173–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. National Framework for Joint TB-Diabetes Collaborative Activities. National Programme For Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke (NPCDCS) and Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program (RNTCP). Directorate General of Health Services Ministry of Health & Family Welfare Government of India; 2017.

  32. Stevenson CR, Critchley JA, Forouhi NG, Roglic G, Williams BG, Dye C, et al. Diabetes and the risk of tuberculosis: a neglected threat to public health? Chronic Illn. 2007;3(3):228–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Jeon CY, Harries AD, Baker MA, Hart JE, Kapur A, Lonnroth K, et al. Bi-directional screening for tuberculosis and diabetes: a systematic review. Tropical Med Int Health. 2010;15(11):1300–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. India Diabetes Mellitus--Tuberculosis Study Group. Screening of patients with diabetes mellitus for tuberculosis in India. Tropical Med Int Health. 2013;18(5):646–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme. Technical and operational guidelines for tuberculosis control in India. Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India; 2005.

  36. Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme. Guidance document for use of Catridge Based-Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (CB-NAAT) under Revised National TB Control Programme (RNTCP) issued central TB division, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India; 2013.

  37. Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme. Technical and operational guidelines for tuberculosis control in India. Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India; 2016.

  38. World Health Organization. Automated real-time nucleic acid amplification technology for rapid and simultaneous detection of tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance: Xpert MTB/RIF assay for the diagnosis of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tb in adults and children: policy update. Geneva, Switzerland; 2013.

  39. Arora D, Jindal N, Bansal R, Arora S. Rapid detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum samples by Cepheid Xpert assay: a clinical study. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015;9(5):DC03–5.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Moore DA, Evans CA, Gilman RH, Caviedes L, Coronel J, Vivar A, et al. Microscopic-observation drug-susceptibility assay for the diagnosis of TB. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(15):1539–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Walusimbi S, Bwanga F, De Costa A, Haile M, Joloba M, Hoffner S. Meta-analysis to compare the accuracy of GeneXpert, MODS and the WHO 2007 algorithm for diagnosis of smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:507.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Sharma SK, Kohli M, Yadav RN, Chaubey J, Bhasin D, Sreenivas V, et al. Evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of Xpert MTB/RIF assay in pulmonary tuberculosis. PLoS One. 2015;10(10):e0141011.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. World Health Organization. Use of liquid TB culture and drug susceptibilty testing (DST) in Low and middle income settings. Summary report of the expert group meeting on the use of liquid culture media. Geneva, Switzerland; 2007.

  44. Singhal R, Arora J, Lal P, Bhalla M, Myneeedu VP, Behera D. Comparison of line probe assay with liquid culture for rapid detection of multi-drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Indian J Med Res. 2012;136(6):1044–7.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Moreira Ada S, Huf G, Vieira MA, Costa PA, Aguiar F, Marsico AG, et al. Liquid vs solid culture medium to evaluate proportion and time to change in management of suspects of tuberculosis-a pragmatic randomized trial in secondary and tertiary health care units in Brazil. PLoS One. 2015;10(6):e0127588.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Bhalla AS, Goyal A, Guleria R, Gupta AK. Chest tuberculosis: radiological review and imaging recommendations. Indian J Radiol Imaging. 2015;25(3):213–25.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Sen T, Joshi SR, Udwadia ZF. Tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus: merging epidemics. J Assoc Physicians India. 2009;57:399–404.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Park SW, Shin JW, Kim JY, Park IW, Choi BW, Choi JC, et al. The effect of diabetic control status on the clinical features of pulmonary tuberculosis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012;31(7):1305–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Alisjahbana B, Sahiratmadja E, Nelwan EJ, Purwa AM, Ahmad Y, Ottenhoff TH, et al. The effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus on the presentation and treatment response of pulmonary tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45(4):428–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Singla R, Khan N, Al-Sharif N, Ai-Sayegh MO, Shaikh MA, Osman MM. Influence of diabetes on manifestations and treatment outcome of pulmonary TB patients. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2006;10(1):74–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Leung CC, Yew WW, Mok TY, Lau KS, Wong CF, Chau CH et al. Effects of diabetes mellitus on the clinical presentation and treatment response in tuberculosis. Respirology. 2017;22(6):1225–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/resp.13017.

  52. Umut S, Tosun GA, Yildirim N. Radiographic location of pulmonary tuberculosis in diabetic patients. Chest. 1994;106(1):326.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Perez-Guzman C, Torres-Cruz A, Villarreal-Velarde H, Salazar-Lezama MA, Vargas MH. Atypical radiological images of pulmonary tuberculosis in 192 diabetic patients: a comparative study. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2001;5(5):455–61.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Sola E, Rivera C, Mangual M, Martinez J, Rivera K, Fernandez R. Diabetes mellitus: an important risk factor for reactivation of tuberculosis. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep. 2016;2016

  55. Kim J, Lee IJ, Kim JH. CT findings of pulmonary tuberculosis and tuberculous pleurisy in diabetes mellitus patients. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2017;23(2):112–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Ikezoe J, Takeuchi N, Johkoh T, Kohno N, Tomiyama N, Kozuka T, et al. CT appearance of pulmonary tuberculosis in diabetic and immunocompromised patients: comparison with patients who had no underlying disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1992;159(6):1175–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Chiang CY, Lee JJ, Chien ST, Enarson DA, Chang YC, Chen YT, et al. Glycemic control and radiographic manifestations of tuberculosis in diabetic patients. PLoS One. 2014;9(4):e93397.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Restrepo BI. Diabetes and tuberculosis. Microbiol Spectr. 2016;4(6). https://doi.org/10.1128/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0023-2016.

  59. Tabarsi P, Chitsaz E, Tabatabaei V, Baghaei P, Shamaei M, Farnia P, et al. Revised category II regimen as an alternative strategy for retreatment of category I regimen failure and irregular treatment cases. Am J Ther. 2011;18(5):343–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Sharma SK, Kumar S, Saha PK, George N, Arora SK, Gupta D, et al. Prevalence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among category II pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Indian J Med Res. 2011;133:312–5.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Burugina Nagaraja S, Satyanarayana S, Chadha SS, Kalemane S, Jaju J, Achanta S, et al. How do patients who fail first-line TB treatment but who are not placed on an MDR-TB regimen fare in South India? PLoS One. 2011;6(10):e25698.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Bhatt G, Vyas S, Trivedil K. An epidemiological study of multi drug resistant tuberculosis cases registered under Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme of Ahmedabad City. Indian J Tuberc. 2012;59(1):18–27.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. World Helath Organization. Guidelines for treatment of drug-susceptible tuberculosis and patient care, 2017 update. Geneva, Switzerland; 2017.

  64. Cade WT. Diabetes-related microvascular and macrovascular diseases in the physical therapy setting. Phys Ther. 2008;88(11):1322–35.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Mafukidze AT, Calnan M, Furin J. Peripheral neuropathy in persons with tuberculosis. J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis. 2016;2:5–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Niazi AK, Kalra S. Diabetes and tuberculosis: a review of the role of optimal glycemic control. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2012;11(1):28.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Nijland HM, Ruslami R, Stalenhoef JE, Nelwan EJ, Alisjahbana B, Nelwan RH, et al. Exposure to rifampicin is strongly reduced in patients with tuberculosis and type 2 diabetes. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43(7):848–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Mehta S, Yu EA, Ahamed SF, Bonam W, Kenneth J. Rifampin resistance and diabetes mellitus in a cross-sectional study of adult patients in rural South India. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15:451.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Babalik A, Ulus IH, Bakirci N, Kuyucu T, Arpag H, Dagyildizi L, et al. Plasma concentrations of isoniazid and rifampin are decreased in adult pulmonary tuberculosis patients with diabetes mellitus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57(11):5740–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Kumar AK, Chandrasekaran V, Kannan T, Murali AL, Lavanya J, Sudha V, et al. Anti-tuberculosis drug concentrations in tuberculosis patients with and without diabetes mellitus. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2017;73(1):65–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Hall RG II. Evolving larger: dosing anti-tuberculosis (TB) drugs in an obese world. Curr Pharm Des. 2015;21(32):4748–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Alsultan A, Peloquin CA. Therapeutic drug monitoring in the treatment of tuberculosis: an update. Drugs. 2014;74(8):839–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Niemi M, Backman JT, Fromm MF, Neuvonen PJ, Kivisto KT. Pharmacokinetic interactions with rifampicin: clinical relevance. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2003;42(9):819–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Niemi M, Backman JT, Neuvonen M, Neuvonen PJ, Kivisto KT. Effects of rifampin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of glyburide and glipizide. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2001;69(6):400–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Niemi M, Backman JT, Neuvonen PJ. Effects of trimethoprim and rifampin on the pharmacokinetics of the cytochrome P450 2C8 substrate rosiglitazone. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2004;76(3):239–49.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Park JY, Kim KA, Kang MH, Kim SL, Shin JG. Effect of rifampin on the pharmacokinetics of rosiglitazone in healthy subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2004;75(3):157–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Jaakkola T, Backman JT, Neuvonen M, Laitila J, Neuvonen PJ. Effect of rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of pioglitazone. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2006;61(1):70–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  78. Niemi M, Backman JT, Neuvonen M, Neuvonen PJ, Kivisto KT. Rifampin decreases the plasma concentrations and effects of repaglinide. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2000;68(5):495–500.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Niemi M, Backman JT, Neuvonen M, Neuvonen PJ. Effect of rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nateglinide in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2003;56(4):427–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  80. Boglou P, Steiropoulos P, Papanas N, Bouros D. Hypoglycaemia due to interaction of glimepiride with isoniazid in a patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus. BMJ Case Rep 2013;2013. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2012-008528.

  81. Restrepo BI, Schlesinger LS. Impact of diabetes on the natural history of tuberculosis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2014;106(2):191–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  82. Tegegne BS, Habtewold TD, Mengesha MM, Burgerhof JG. Association between diabetes mellitus and multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev. 2017;6(1):6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  83. Suarez-Garcia I, Rodriguez-Blanco A, Vidal-Perez JL, Garcia-Viejo MA, Jaras-Hernandez MJ, Lopez O, et al. Risk factors for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in a tuberculosis unit in Madrid, Spain. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2009;28(4):325–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Rifat M, Milton AH, Hall J, Oldmeadow C, Islam MA, Husain A, et al. Development of multidrug resistant tuberculosis in Bangladesh: a case-control study on risk factors. PLoS One. 2014;9(8):e105214.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Perez-Navarro LM, Fuentes-Dominguez FJ, Zenteno-Cuevas R. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and its influence in the development of multidrug resistance tuberculosis in patients from southeastern Mexico. J Diabetes Complicat. 2015;29(1):77–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Liu Q, Li W, Xue M, Chen Y, Du X, Wang C, et al. Diabetes mellitus and the risk of multidrug resistant tuberculosis: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):1090.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  87. Salindri AD, Kipiani M, Kempker RR, Gandhi NR, Darchia L, Tukvadze N, et al. Diabetes reduces the rate of sputum culture conversion in patients with newly diagnosed multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2016;3(3):ofw126.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  88. Kang YA, Kim SY, Jo KW, Kim HJ, Park SK, Kim TH, et al. Impact of diabetes on treatment outcomes and long-term survival in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Respiration. 2013;86(6):472–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Song Q, Zhang G, Jiang H, Ren Y, Lu X. Imaging features of pulmonary CT in type 2 diabetic patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. PLoS One. 2016;11(3):e0152507.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Kurz SG, Furin JJ, Bark CM. Drug-resistant tuberculosis: challenges and progress. Infect Dis Clin N Am. 2016;30(2):509–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Grover GS, Takkar J. Recent advances in multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis and RNTCP. Indian J Community Med. 2008;33(4):219–23.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  92. Udwadia ZF, Moharil G. Multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis treatment in the Indian private sector: results from a tertiary referral private hospital in Mumbai. Lung India. 2014;31(4):336–41.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  93. Tabarsi P, Chitsaz E, Baghaei P, Shamaei M, Farnia P, Marjani M, et al. Impact of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis on treatment outcome of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients with standardized regimen: report from Iran. Microb Drug Resist. 2010;16(1):81–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Hu M, Zheng C, Gao F. Use of bedaquiline and delamanid in diabetes patients: clinical and pharmacological considerations. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2016;10:3983–94.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  95. Singhal A, Jie L, Kumar P, Hong GS, Leow MK, Paleja B, et al. Metformin as adjunct antituberculosis therapy. Sci Transl Med. 2014;6(263):263ra159. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3009885.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Viswanathan V, Vigneswari A, Selvan K, Satyavani K, Rajeswari R, Kapur A. Effect of diabetes on treatment outcome of smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis—a report from South India. J Diabetes Complicat. 2014;28(2):162–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Siddiqui AN, Khayyam KU, Sharma M. Effect of diabetes mellitus on tuberculosis treatment outcome and adverse reactions in patients receiving directly observed treatment strategy in India: a prospective study. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2016:7273935.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Li L, Lin Y, Mi F, Tan S, Liang B, Guo C, et al. Screening of patients with tuberculosis for diabetes mellitus in China. Tropical Med Int Health. 2012;17(10):1294–301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. India Tuberculosis-Diabetes Study Group. Screening of patients with tuberculosis for diabetes mellitus in India. Tropical Med Int Health. 2013;18(5):636–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. World Health Organization. Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate hyperglycaemia. Summary of Technical Report and Recommendations, Geneva, Switzerland; 2006.

  101. Research Society for the Study of Diabetes (RSSDI). Clinical practice recommendations for management of type 2 diabetes mellitus-2015; 2015.

  102. Somannavar S, Ganesan A, Deepa M, Datta M, Mohan V. Random capillary blood glucose cut points for diabetes and pre-diabetes derived from community-based opportunistic screening in India. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(4):641–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Kornfeld H, West K, Kane K, Kumpatla S, Zacharias RR, Martinez-Balzano C, et al. High prevalence and heterogeneity of diabetes in patients with TB in South India: a report from the effects of diabetes on tuberculosis severity (EDOTS) study. Chest. 2016;149(6):1501–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  104. Kumpatla S, Aravindalochanan V, Rajan R, Viswanathan V, Kapur A. Evaluation of performance of A1c and FPG tests for screening newly diagnosed diabetes defined by an OGTT among tuberculosis patients—a study from India. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2013;102(1):60–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Sariko ML, Mpagama SG, Gratz J, Kisonga R, Saidi Q, Kibiki GS, et al. Glycated hemoglobin screening identifies patients admitted for retreatment of tuberculosis at risk for diabetes in Tanzania. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2016;10(4):423–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  106. McEbula V, Crowther NJ, Nagel SE, George JA. Diabetes and abnormal glucose tolerance in subjects with tuberculosis in a South African urban center. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2017;21(2):208–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Srujitha M, Padmanav S, Swathi P, Sonal Sekhar M, Unnikrishnan MK, Manu MK. Protective effect of metformin against tuberculosis infections in diabetic patients: an observational study of south Indian tertiary healthcare facility. Braz J Infect Dis. 2017; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjid.2017.01.001.

  108. Adepoyibi T, Weigl B, Greb H, Neogi T, McGuire H. New screening technologies for type 2 diabetes mellitus appropriate for use in tuberculosis patients. Public Health Action. 2013;3(Suppl 1):S10–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  109. Riza AL, Pearson F, Ugarte-Gil C, Alisjahbana B, van de Vijver S, Panduru NM, et al. Clinical management of concurrent diabetes and tuberculosis and the implications for patient services. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2(9):740–53.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  110. Kalra S, Kalra B, Sharma A. Ketonuria and ketonemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients attending an Indian endocrine clinic. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2007;11(2):7–10.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Pharmacologic management of type 2 diabetes: 2016 interim update. Can J Diabetes. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjd.2016.02.006.

  112. Standards of medical care in diabetes-2016: summary of revisions. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(Suppl 1):S4–5.

  113. Visconti L, Cernaro V, Ferrara D, Costantino G, Aloisi C, Amico L, et al. Metformin-related lactic acidosis: is it a myth or an underestimated reality? Ren Fail. 2016;38(9):1560–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Vashisht R, Brahmachari SK. Metformin as a potential combination therapy with existing front-line antibiotics for tuberculosis. J Transl Med. 2015;13(1):83.

  115. Melander A, Lebovitz HE, Faber OK. Sulfonylureas. Why, which, and how? Diabetes Care. 1990;13(Suppl 3):18–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Willemen MJ, Mantel-Teeuwisse AK, Straus SM, Meyboom RH, Egberts TC, Leufkens HG. Use of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and the reporting of infections: a disproportionality analysis in the World Health Organization VigiBase. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(2):369–74.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  117. Karagiannis T, Paschos P, Paletas K, Matthews DR, Tsapas A. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the clinical setting: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2012;344:e1369.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Tostmann A, Boeree MJ, Aarnoutse RE, de Lange WC, van der Ven AJ, Dekhuijzen R. Antituberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity: concise up-to-date review. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;23(2):192–202.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Tolman KG, Chandramouli J. Hepatotoxicity of the thiazolidinediones. Clin Liver Dis. 2003;7(2):369–79. vi

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Hsiao SH, Liao LH, Cheng PN, Wu TJ. Hepatotoxicity associated with acarbose therapy. Ann Pharmacother. 2006;40(1):151–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Trujillo JM, Nuffer WA. Impact of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors on nonglycemic outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. Pharmacotherapy. 2017;37(4):481–91.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  122. Dandona P, Chaudhuri A. Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors for type 2 diabetes mellitus: an overview for the primary care physician. Int J Clin Pract 2017.

  123. Chandra RK. Nutritional regulation of immunity and risk of infection in old age. Immunology. 1989;67(2):141–7.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  124. Cegielski JP, Arab L, Cornoni-Huntley J. Nutritional risk factors for tuberculosis among adults in the United States, 1971-1992. Am J Epidemiol. 2012;176(5):409–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Cegielski JP, McMurray DN. The relationship between malnutrition and tuberculosis: evidence from studies in humans and experimental animals. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2004;8(3):286–98.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Menon S, Rossi R, Nshimyumukiza L, Wusiman A, Zdraveska N, Eldin MS. Convergence of a diabetes mellitus, protein energy malnutrition, and TB epidemic: the neglected elderly population. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16:361.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  127. Evert AB, Boucher JL, Cypress M, Dunbar SA, Franz MJ, Mayer-Davis EJ, et al. Nutrition therapy recommendations for the management of adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(11):3821–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  128. Coussens AK, Wilkinson RJ, Hanifa Y, Nikolayevskyy V, Elkington PT, Islam K, et al. Vitamin D accelerates resolution of inflammatory responses during tuberculosis treatment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109(38):15449–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  129. Boillat-Blanco N, Bovet P, Ramaiya KL, Mganga M, Minja LT, Saleh L, et al. Association between tuberculosis, diabetes and 25 hydroxyvitamin D in Tanzania: a longitudinal case control study. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16(1):626.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  130. Wang Q, Ma A, Han X, Zhang H, Zhao S, Liang H, et al. Is low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D a possible link between pulmonary tuberculosis and type 2 diabetes? Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2017;26(2):241–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Syal K, Chakraborty S, Bhattacharyya R, Banerjee D. Combined inhalation and oral supplementation of vitamin A and vitamin D: a possible prevention and therapy for tuberculosis. Med Hypotheses. 2015;84(3):199–203.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Chakraborty S, Syal K, Bhattacharyya R, Banerjee D. Vitamin deficiency and tuberculosis: need for urgent clinical trial for managment of tuberculosis. J Nutr Health Food Sci. 2014;2(2):1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Lonnroth K, Williams BG, Stadlin S, Jaramillo E, Dye C. Alcohol use as a risk factor for tuberculosis—a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2008;8:289.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  134. Rehm J, Samokhvalov AV, Neuman MG, Room R, Parry C, Lonnroth K, et al. The association between alcohol use, alcohol use disorders and tuberculosis (TB). Syst Rev BMC Public Health. 2009;9:450.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  135. Patra J, Jha P, Rehm J, Suraweera W. Tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, diabetes, low body mass index and the risk of self-reported symptoms of active tuberculosis: individual participant data (IPD) meta-analyses of 72,684 individuals in 14 high tuberculosis burden countries. PLoS One. 2014;9(5):e96433.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Bai KJ, Lee JJ, Chien ST, Suk CW, Chiang CY. The influence of smoking on pulmonary tuberculosis in diabetic and non-diabetic patients. PLoS One. 2016;11(6):e0156677.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Chan JC, Malik V, Jia W, Kadowaki T, Yajnik CS, Yoon KH, et al. Diabetes in Asia: epidemiology, risk factors, and pathophysiology. JAMA. 2009;301(20):2129–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Levey AS, Atkins R, Coresh J, Cohen EP, Collins AJ, Eckardt KU, et al. Chronic kidney disease as a global public health problem: approaches and initiatives—a position statement from Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes. Kidney Int. 2007;72(3):247–59.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Choudhury D, Luna-Salazar C. Preventive health care in chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol. 2008;4(4):194–206.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Garcia-Leoni ME, Martin-Scapa C, Rodeno P, Valderrabano F, Moreno S, Bouza E. High incidence of tuberculosis in renal patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1990;9(4):283–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Hu HY, Wu CY, Huang N, Chou YJ, Chang YC, Chu D. Increased risk of tuberculosis in patients with end-stage renal disease: a population-based cohort study in Taiwan, a country of high incidence of end-stage renal disease. Epidemiol Infect. 2014;142(1):191–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Li SY, Chen TJ, Chung KW, Tsai LW, Yang WC, Chen JY, et al. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of end-stage renal disease patients in Taiwan: a nationwide longitudinal study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17(11):1646–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Ostermann M, Palchaudhuri P, Riding A, Begum P, Milburn HJ. Incidence of tuberculosis is high in chronic kidney disease patients in South East England and drug resistance common. Ren Fail. 2016;38(2):256–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. British Thoracic Society Standards of Care Committee, Joint Tuberculosis Committee, Milburn H, Ashman N, Davies P, Doffman S, et al. Guidelines for the prevention and management of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and disease in adult patients with chronic kidney disease. Thorax. 2010;65(6):557–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  145. Moore DA, Lightstone L, Javid B, Friedland JS. High rates of tuberculosis in end-stage renal failure: the impact of international migration. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002;8(1):77–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  146. Shohaib SA, Scrimgeour EM, Shaerya F. Tuberculosis in active dialysis patients in Jeddah. Am J Nephrol. 1999;19(1):34–7. doi:13422

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Ko PY, Lin SD, Tu ST, Hsieh MC, Su SL, Hsu SR, et al. High diabetes mellitus prevalence with increasing trend among newly-diagnosed tuberculosis patients in an Asian population: a nationwide population-based study. Prim Care Diabetes. 2016;10(2):148–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Nair A, Guleria R, Kandasamy D, Sharma R, Tandon N, Singh UB, et al. Prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis in young adult patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus in India. Multidiscip Respir Med. 2016;11:22.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  149. Romanowski K, Clark EG, Levin A, Cook VJ, Johnston JC. Tuberculosis and chronic kidney disease: an emerging global syndemic. Kidney Int. 2016;90(1):34–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Malhotra KK. Treatment of tuberculosis in chronic renal failure, maintenance dialysis and renal transplant. Indian J Nephrol. 2003;13:69–71.

    Google Scholar 

  151. Varughese A, Brater DC, Benet LZ, Lee CS. Ethambutol kinetics in patients with impaired renal function. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1986;134(1):34–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Hahr AJ, Molitch ME. Management of diabetes mellitus in patients with chronic kidney disease. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015;1(1):2.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  153. Pecoits-Filho R, Abensur H, Betonico CC, Machado AD, Parente EB, Queiroz M, et al. Interactions between kidney disease and diabetes: dangerous liaisons. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2016;8:50.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  154. Gronhagen-Riska C, Hellstrom PE, Froseth B. Predisposing factors in hepatitis induced by isoniazid-rifampin treatment of tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1978;118(3):461–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. American Thoracic Society, CDC and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Treatment of tuberculosis. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2003;52(RR-11):1–77.

    Google Scholar 

  156. Dhiman RK, Saraswat VA, Rajekar H, Reddy C, Chawla YK. A guide to the management of tuberculosis in patients with chronic liver disease. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2012;2(3):260–70.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  157. Bouazzi OE, Hammi S, Bourkadi JE, Tebaa A, Tanani DS, Soulaymani-Bencheikh R, et al. First line anti-tuberculosis induced hepatotoxicity: incidence and risk factors. Pan Afr Med J. 2016;25:167.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  158. Ramappa V, Aithal GP. Hepatotoxicity related to anti-tuberculosis drugs: mechanisms and management. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2013;3(1):37–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Wong WM, Wu PC, Yuen MF, Cheng CC, Yew WW, Wong PC, et al. Antituberculosis drug-related liver dysfunction in chronic hepatitis B infection. Hepatology. 2000;31(1):201–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. McGlynn KA, Lustbader ED, Sharrar RG, Murphy EC, London WT. Isoniazid prophylaxis in hepatitis B carriers. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1986;134(4):666–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Ungo JR, Jones D, Ashkin D, Hollender ES, Bernstein D, Albanese AP, et al. Antituberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity. The role of hepatitis C virus and the human immunodeficiency virus. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;157(6 Pt 1):1871–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Sadaphal P, Astemborski J, Graham NM, Sheely L, Bonds M, Madison A, et al. Isoniazid preventive therapy, hepatitis C virus infection, and hepatotoxicity among injection drug users infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33(10):1687–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  163. Laleman W, Verbeke L, Meersseman P, Wauters J, van Pelt J, Cassiman D, et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure: current concepts on definition, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and potential therapeutic interventions. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;5(4):523–37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Garcia-Compean D, Gonzalez-Gonzalez JA, Lavalle-Gonzalez FJ, Gonzalez-Moreno EI, Maldonado-Garza HJ, Villarreal-Perez JZ. The treatment of diabetes mellitus of patients with chronic liver disease. Ann Hepatol. 2015;14(6):780–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Letiexhe MR, Scheen AJ, Gerard PL, Bastens BH, Pirotte J, Belaiche J, et al. Insulin secretion, clearance, and action on glucose metabolism in cirrhotic patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993;77(5):1263–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Holmes G, Galitz L, Hu P, Lyness W. Pharmacokinetics of insulin aspart in obesity, renal impairment, or hepatic impairment. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2005;60(5):469–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  167. Chan NN, Brain HP, Feher MD. Metformin-associated lactic acidosis: a rare or very rare clinical entity? Diabet Med. 1999;16(4):273–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Loomba R, Lutchman G, Kleiner DE, Ricks M, Feld JJ, Borg BB, et al. Clinical trial: pilot study of metformin for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009;29(2):172–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  169. de Oliveira CP, Stefano JT, de Siqueira ER, Silva LS, de Campos Mazo DF, Lima VM, et al. Combination of N-acetylcysteine and metformin improves histological steatosis and fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatol Res. 2008;38(2):159–65.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Gentile S, Turco S, Guarino G, Oliviero B, Annunziata S, Cozzolino D, et al. Effect of treatment with acarbose and insulin in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus associated with non-alcoholic liver cirrhosis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2001;3(1):33–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Scheen AJ. Hepatotoxicity with thiazolidinediones: is it a class effect? Drug Saf. 2001;24(12):873–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Sanyal AJ, Mofrad PS, Contos MJ, Sargeant C, Luketic VA, Sterling RK, et al. A pilot study of vitamin E versus vitamin E and pioglitazone for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;2(12):1107–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Ratziu V, Giral P, Jacqueminet S, Charlotte F, Hartemann-Heurtier A, Serfaty L, et al. Rosiglitazone for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: one-year results of the randomized placebo-controlled Fatty Liver Improvement with Rosiglitazone Therapy (FLIRT) Trial. Gastroenterology. 2008;135(1):100–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Brunt EM, Wehmeier KR, Sponseller CA, Hampton K, Bacon BR. Interim results of a pilot study demonstrating the early effects of the PPAR-gamma ligand rosiglitazone on insulin sensitivity, aminotransferases, hepatic steatosis and body weight in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Hepatol. 2003;38(4):434–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Garcia-Compean D, Jaquez-Quintana JO, Gonzalez-Gonzalez JA, Maldonado-Garza H. Liver cirrhosis and diabetes: risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical implications and management. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15(3):280–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  176. Nadelson J, Satapathy SK, Nair S. Glycated hemoglobin levels in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. Int J Endocrinol. 2016;2016:8390210.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  177. Montales MT, Chaudhury A, Beebe A, Patil S, Patil N. HIV-associated TB syndemic: a growing clinical challenge worldwide. Front Public Health. 2015;3:281.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  178. Corbett EL, Watt CJ, Walker N, Maher D, Williams BG, Raviglione MC, et al. The growing burden of tuberculosis: global trends and interactions with the HIV epidemic. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163(9):1009–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Gupta S, Shenoy VP, Bairy I, Srinivasa H, Mukhopadhyay C. Diabetes mellitus and HIV as co-morbidities in tuberculosis patients of rural south India. J Infect Public Health. 2011;4(3):140–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Walker NF, Meintjes G, Wilkinson RJ. HIV-1 and the immune response to TB. Future Virol. 2013;8(1):57–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  181. Vijay S, Swaminathan S, Vaidyanathan P, Thomas A, Chauhan LS, Kumar P, et al. Feasibility of provider-initiated HIV testing and counselling of tuberculosis patients under the TB control programme in two districts of South India. PLoS One. 2009;4(11):e7899.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Padmapriyadarsini C, Narendran G, Swaminathan S. Diagnosis & treatment of tuberculosis in HIV co-infected patients. Indian J Med Res. 2011;134(6):850–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  183. Meintjes G, Lawn SD, Scano F, Maartens G, French MA, Worodria W, et al. Tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: case definitions for use in resource-limited settings. Lancet Infect Dis. 2008;8(8):516–23.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  184. Pao V, Lee GA, Grunfeld C. HIV therapy, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular risk. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2008;10(1):61–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  185. Falutz J. Therapy insight: body-shape changes and metabolic complications associated with HIV and highly active antiretroviral therapy. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2007;3(9):651–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Kalra S, Kalra B, Agrawal N, Unnikrishnan A. Understanding diabetes in patients with HIV/AIDS. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2011;3(1):2.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  187. Kohli R, Shevitz A, Gorbach S, Wanke C. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of metformin for the treatment of HIV lipodystrophy. HIV Med. 2007;8(7):420–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  188. Viswanathan V, Aravindalochanan V, Kumpatla S, Selvan K, Rajan R, Kapur A. Effect of a comprehensive training programme for tuberculosis health care providers and tuberculosis patients on diabetes—a report from South India. Int J Trop Dis Health. 2015;5(1):91–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  189. Lin Y, Harries AD. Tuberculosis infection control measures in diabetes clinics in China: a rapid assessment of 10 hospitals. Tropical Med Int Health. 2015;20(9):1196–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Priya Ganpathy, ISMPP CMPP™, for medical writing assistance and Sangita Patil, PhD, ISMPP CMPP™ (both SIRO Clinpharm Pvt. Ltd., India), for additional editorial support.

Funding

The preparation of this clinical practice recommendation was supported by Mankind Pharma Ltd., India.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Vijay Viswanathan.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Extended working group

Sanjay Agarwal, Sunil Agarwal, S.R. Aravind, Rajeev Chawla, Jayaprakashsai Jana, Vasanth Kumar, Anuj Maheshwari, Anand Moses, Jayant Panda, Vijay Panikar, P.V. Rao, Banshi Saboo

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Viswanathan, V., Bajaj, S., Kalra, S. et al. RSSDI clinical practice recommendations for diagnosis, prevention, and control of the diabetes mellitus-tuberculosis double burden. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 37, 379–399 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13410-017-0577-y

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13410-017-0577-y

Keywords

Navigation