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Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) upon the production chain of a powder containing modified olive leaves’ extract

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Abstract

In this study, Life Cycle Assessment upon the production chain of an encapsulated olive leaves’ extract (enzymatically modified) has been applied. The chain consists of eleven processes — from the acquisition of raw material up to the production of the powder. This study’s primary goal was not only to examine the overall final environmental footprint, but also, to compare two different extraction techniques, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and solid–liquid extraction (SLE), in relation to their contribution to this environmental footprint. In addition, the effect of alternative conditions of these techniques was evaluated. “Hotspot” processes were detected. Literature, Gabi ts database, and Aspen simulations were the sources utilized for data acquisition. The assessment of all available impact categories for the examined scenarios was performed. According to the results, (a) all impact indicators for each scenario were low, encouraging such a product’s production; (b) the extraction yield emerged as an important parameter, defining the overall environmental footprint; (c) SLE with ethanol as solvent led to the lowest environmental footprint, encouraging, e.g., its selection in the mass production; (d) SFE technique (with cosolvent, preferably) remains a viable option for industry; and (e) Increase of yield of SFE with cosolvent technique leads to a decrease of the overall environmental footprint.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Thermodynamics & Transport Phenomena Laboratory of National Technical University of Athens for the supercritical fluid extraction experiments of the olive leaves and to Biotechnology Laboratory of University of Ioannina for the data provision upon the bio-process.

Funding

This research has been co‐financed by the European regional Development Fund of the European Union and Greek national funds through the Operational Program Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation, under the call RESEARCH – CREATE – INNOVATE (project code: T1EDK-01716).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Process Analysis and Plant Design, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechneiou st. Zografou Campus, 15780, Athens, Greece

    Konstantinos Kritsotakis, Christos Boukouvalas, Margarita Panagiotopoulou, Sofia Papadaki & Magdalini Krokida

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  1. Konstantinos Kritsotakis
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  2. Christos Boukouvalas
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  3. Margarita Panagiotopoulou
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  4. Sofia Papadaki
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  5. Magdalini Krokida
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Contributions

C.Boukouvalas: conceptualization, research, writing, calculations, supervision, K.Kritsotakis: conceptualization, research, writing, calculations; M.Panagiotopoulou: writing, experimental; S.Papadaki: writing, experimental; M.Krokida: project administration.

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Correspondence to Magdalini Krokida.

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Kritsotakis, K., Boukouvalas, C., Panagiotopoulou, M. et al. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) upon the production chain of a powder containing modified olive leaves’ extract. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 12, 4503–4518 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-02495-0

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