Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Biocrude production from orange (Citrus reticulata) peel by hydrothermal liquefaction and process optimization

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Hydrothermal liquefaction is a promising anaerobic thermochemical process for the conversion of wet biomass into an energy dense biocrude. In this study, the suitability of orange peel for biocrude production was investigated. The study was carried out at varying temperatures (200 to 300 °C), reaction time (20 to 60 min), and total solids loading (15 to 25%). The optimum operating conditions for recovering maximum biofuel from biomass (28.4 wt%) were found to be 275 °C temperature, 40-min reaction time, and 25% total solids loading. The Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology was used to examine the effect of reaction parameters on biocrude yield and its byproducts and resulted the temperature to be the most effective followed by reaction time and total solids loading. The heating value of biocrude was 32 MJ/kg with flash point of about 93 °C. The obtained biocrude had comparable fuel properties with those of diesel and bio-diesel standards. The GC-MS and FTIR analyses proved biocrude as a complex mixture of alkanes, alkenes, aliphatic and aromatic acids, and alcohols and aqueous phase byproduct as a rich chemical source consisting of esters, alcohols, and ketones which provides a futuristic approach to drop in advanced fuels and chemicals from biocrude.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. MNRE (2020) Bioenergy overview: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India. https://mnre.gov.in/bio-energy/current-status. Accessed 21 Nov 2020

  2. Li H, Liu Z, Zhang Y et al (2014) Conversion efficiency and oil quality of low-lipid high-protein and high-lipid low-protein microalgae via hydrothermal liquefaction. Bioresour Technol 154:322–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.12.074

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Eboibi BE-O, Lewis DM, Ashman PJ, Chinnasamy S (2014) Hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae for biocrude production: improving the biocrude properties with vacuum distillation. Bioresour Technol 174:212–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.10.029

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Beims RF, Hu Y, Shui H, Xu C (2020) Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass to fuels and value-added chemicals: products applications and challenges to develop large-scale operations. Biomass Bioenergy 135:105510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2020.105510

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Ruiz HA, Rodríguez-Jasso RM, Fernandes BD, Vicente AA, Teixeira JA (2013) Hydrothermal processing, as an alternative for upgrading agriculture residues and marine biomass according to the biorefinery concept: a review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 21:35–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.11.069

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Gu X, Martinez-Fernandez JS, Pang N, Fu X, Chen S (2020) Recent development of hydrothermal liquefaction for algal biorefinery. Renew Sust Energ Rev 121:109707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.109707

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Vardon DR, Sharma BK, Scott J et al (2011) Chemical properties of biocrude oil from the hydrothermal liquefaction of Spirulina algae, swine manure, and digested anaerobic sludge. Bioresour Technol 102:8295–8303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.06.041

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. MAFW (2020) Area and production of horticulture crops for 2019-20 (third advance estimates): Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare, Government of India. https://agricoopnicin/statistics/horticulture. Accessed 03 Nov 2020

  9. Teixeira F, Santos BA, Nunes G et al (2020) Addition of orange peel in orange jam: evaluation of sensory, physicochemical, and nutritional characteristics. Molecules 25(7):1670. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071670

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Mythili R, Venkatachalam P, Subramanian P, Uma D (2013) Characterization of bioresidues for biooil production through pyrolysis. Bioresour Technol 138:71–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.03.161

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Adams P, Bridgwater T, Lea-Langton A, Ross A, Watson I (2018) Biomass conversion technologies. In: Greenhouse Gases Balances of Bioenergy Systems 107–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-101036-5.00008-2

  12. Gagić T, Perva-Uzunalić A, Knez Ž, Škerget M (2018) Hydrothermal degradation of cellulose at temperature from 200 to 300 °C. Ind Eng Chem Res 57(18):6576–6584. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.8b00332

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Brindhadevi K, Anto S, Rene ER, Sekar M, Mathimani T, Thuy LCN, Pugazhendhi A (2021) Effect of reaction temperature on the conversion of algal biomass to bio-oil and biochar through pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction. Fuel 285:119106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Theegala CS, Midgett JS (2012) Hydrothermal liquefaction of separated dairy manure for production of bio-oils with simultaneous waste treatment. Bioresour Technol 107:456–463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.12.061

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Watson J, Lu J, de Souza R, Si B, Zhang Y, Liu Z (2019) Effects of the extraction solvents in hydrothermal liquefaction processes: Biocrude oil quality and energy conversion efficiency. Energy 167:189–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.11.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Mishra S, Mohanty K (2020) Co-HTL of domestic sewage sludge and wastewater treatment derived microalgal biomass – an integrated biorefinery approach for sustainable biocrude production. Energy Convers Manag 204:112–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.112312

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. ASTM D93-16a (2016) Standard test methods for flash point by Pensky-Martens closed cup tester. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA

    Google Scholar 

  18. ASTM D92-16b (2016) Standard test method for flash and fire points by Cleveland open cup tester. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA

    Google Scholar 

  19. ASTM D5771-17 (2017) Standard test method for cloud point of petroleum products and liquid fuels (optical detection stepped cooling method). ASTM International, West Conshohocken

    Google Scholar 

  20. ASTM D5853-17 (2017) Standard test method for pour point of crude oils. ASTM International, West Conshohocken

    Google Scholar 

  21. ASTM D5002-16 (2016) Standard test method for density and relative density of crude oils by digital density analyzer. ASTM International, West Conshohocken

    Google Scholar 

  22. ASTM D7042-16e3 (2016) Standard test method for dynamic viscosity and density of liquids by Stabinger viscometer (and the calculation of kinematic viscosity). ASTM International, West Conshohocken

  23. ASTM D4868-17 (2017) Standard Test method for estimation of net and gross heat of combustion of hydrocarbon burner and diesel fuels. ASTM International, West Conshohocken

    Google Scholar 

  24. Jena U, Das KC (2011) Comparative evaluation of thermochemical liquefaction and pyrolysis for bio-oil production from microalgae. Energy Fuel 25:5472–5482. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef201373m

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. NREL (2016) Biodiesel handling and use guide, 5th edn. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA

    Google Scholar 

  26. Shah AA, Toor SS, Seehar TH et al (2020) Bio-crude production through aqueous phase recycling of hydrothermal liquefaction of sewage sludge. Energies 13(2):493. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13020493

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Ghadge SV, Raheman H (2006) Process optimization for biodiesel production from mahua (Madhuca indica) oil using response surface methodology. Bioresour Technol 97:379–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.03.014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Seehar TH, Toor SS, Shah AA, Pedersen TH, Rosendahl LA (2020) Biocrude production from wheat straw at sub and supercritical hydrothermal liquefaction. Energies 13(2):3114. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13123114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Tanushree P, Arindam S, Divya B, Kannan P, Pugazhenthi G, Piet NLL (2020) Bio-oil production from oleaginous microorganisms using hydrothermal liquefaction: a biorefinery approach. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2020.1820803

  30. Biller P, Ross AB (2011) Potential yields and properties of oil from the hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae with different biochemical content. Bioresour Technol 102:215–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.028

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Dandamudi KPR, Muppaneni T, Markovski JS, Lammers P, Deng S (2019) Hydrothermal liquefaction of green microalga Kirchneriella sp. under sub- and super-critical water conditions. Biomass Bioenergy 120:224–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2018.11.021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Reddy HK, Muppaneni T, Ponnusamy S et al (2016) Temperature effect on hydrothermal liquefaction of Nannochloropsis gaditana and Chlorella sp. Appl Energy 165:943–951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.11.067

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Minowa T, Kondo T, Sudirjo S (1998) Thermochemical liquefaction of Indonesian biomass residues. Biomass Bioenergy 14:517–524. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0961-9534(98)00006-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Mohan D, Pittman CU, Steele PH (2006) Pyrolysis of wood/biomass for bio-oil: a critical review. Energy Fuel 20(3):848–889. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef0502397

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Hossain F, Kosinkova J, Brown R, Ristovski Z, Hankamer B, Stephens E, Rainey T (2017) Experimental investigations of physical and chemical properties for microalgae HTL bio-crude using a large batch reactor. Energies 10(4):467. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10040467

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Sharma K, Pedersen TH, Toor SS, Schuurman Y, Rosendahl LA (2020) Detailed investigation of compatibility of hydrothermal liquefaction derived biocrude oil with fossil fuel for corefining to drop-in biofuels through structural and compositional analysis. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 8(22):8111–8123. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b06253

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Vallinayagam R, Vedharaj S, Naser N, Roberts WL, Dibble RW, Sarathy SM (2017) Terpineol as a novel octane booster for extending the knock limit of gasoline. Fuel 187:9–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.09.034

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Palomino A, Godoy-Silva RD, Raikova S, Chuck CJ (2020) The storage stability of biocrude obtained by the hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae. Renew Energy 145:1720–1729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.07.084

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Liu HM, Li MF, Yang S, Sun RC (2013) Understanding the mechanism of cypress liquefaction in hot-compressed water through characterization of solid residues. Energies 6:1590–1603. https://doi.org/10.3390/en6031590

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Chen WT, Zhang Y, Zhang J et al (2014) Hydrothermal liquefaction of mixed-culture algal biomass from wastewater treatment system into bio-crude oil. Bioresour Technol 152:130–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.10.111

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Koochaki CB, Khajavi R, Rashidi A, Mansouri N, Yazdanshenas ME (2020) The effect of pre-swelling on the characteristics of obtained activated carbon from cigarette butts fibers. Biomass Conv Bioref 10:227–236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-019-00429-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Li H, Zhu Z, Lu J et al (2020) Establishment and performance of a plug-flow continuous hydrothermal reactor for biocrude oil production. Fuel 280:118605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118605

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Hammerschmidt A, Boukis N, Hauer E et al (2011) Catalytic conversion of waste biomass by hydrothermal treatment. Fuel 90:555–562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2010.10.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Luo L, Sheehan JD, Dai L, Savage PE (2016) Products and kinetics for isothermal hydrothermal liquefaction of soy protein concentrate. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 4(5):2725–2733. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b00226

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Okoro OV, Sun Z (2020) The characterisation of biochar and biocrude products of the hydrothermal liquefaction of raw digestate biomass. Biomass Conv Bioref. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-020-00672-7

Download references

Funding

The authors gratefully acknowledge the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi, India, and the Department of Bioenergy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, for providing necessary funding and infrastructural facilities to carry out the research.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Renewable Energy Engineering, AEC&RI, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India

    R. Divyabharathi & P. Subramanian

Authors
  1. R. Divyabharathi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. P. Subramanian
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

R. Divyabharathi: conceptualization, formal analysis, methodology, validation, investigation, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing. P. Subramanian: writing—original draft, supervision.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to R. Divyabharathi.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Divyabharathi, R., Subramanian, P. Biocrude production from orange (Citrus reticulata) peel by hydrothermal liquefaction and process optimization. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 12, 183–194 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-01383-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-01383-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation