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A comprehensive review on recent trends in production, purification, and applications of prodigiosin

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Abstract

Increasing utilization of artificial chemical dyes as coloring agent and their associated detrimental effects on human health have instigated the search for novel natural pigments for applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. A wide range of advancements have been recorded for utilization of naturally extracted pigments, owing to their assurance in affirmative health attentiveness in the past few decades. Therefore, it is essential to investigate various potential natural resources such as plants and microbes from where food-grade colorants can be obtained. Several drawbacks such as low water solubility, instability to light, heat, or adverse pH are associated with natural pigments extracted from plants. On the contrary, microbial pigments having higher stability and productivity are considered a potential alternative to synthetic dyes. Prodigiosin is a linear tripyrrole natural red pigment obtained from Serratia marcescens which is produced as a secondary metabolite. Prodigiosin and their derivatives act as proapoptotic agents against diverse cancer cell lines and also play a vital role in numerous cellular targets, including multi-drug resistance cells with reduced or no reported adverse side effects. Owing to its high potential in various sectors, there is an urgent need to explore and exploit the biosynthesis of prodigiosin using various biotechnological approaches. Furthermore, multifarious aspects in commercial-scale production of prodigiosin along with its contemporary utilization have been critically assessed in this article.

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Abbreviations

PG:

Prodigiosin or prodiginines.

MBC:

4-Methoxy-2-2′-bipyrrole-5-carbaldehyde

MPP:

2-Methyl-3-pentylpyrrole

HBC:

4-Hydroxyl-2,2′-bipyrrole-5-carbaldehyde

HBM:

4-Hydroxy-2,2′-bipyrrole-5-methanol

Pig:

Pigment

UV:

Ultraviolet

HCl:

Hydrogen chloride

Pig clusters:

(pigN, pigA, pigF, pigM, pigE, pigJ, pigH, pigD, pigB, pigBC)-two

Red H:

Undecylprodigiosin

Hap C:

Prodigiosin

Rph H:

Prodigiosin R1

Tam Q:

Tambjamine YPI

YP 1:

Pseudoalteromonas tunicate

Tam:

Tambjamine producer

Rph:

Roseophilin producer

LD50 :

Lethal dose 50%

DMSO:

Dimethyl sulfoxide

QSAR:

Quantitative structure-activity relationship

TRAIL:

TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand

CP-MLR:

Combinatorial protocol in multiple linear regression

Caspase:

Cysteine-aspartate proteases family

Bcl-2:

B cell lymphoma 2

Fas:

FS-7 associated surface antigen

TLC:

Thin layer chromatography

TNF:

Tumor necrosis factor

HPLC:

High-performance liquid chromatography

NMR:

Nuclear magnetic resonance

GC-MS:

Gas chromatography mass spectrophotometer

MS:

Mass spectrophotometer

FTIR:

Fourier-transform infrared spectrophotometer

DCW:

Dry cell weight

DPPH:

2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl

ABTS:

2,2′-Azino-bis 3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid

YPI:

Pseudoalteromonas tunicata

REDL:

RED Q, AFA, etc.

DNA:

Di-oxy ribonucleic acid

TAM H:

Tambjamine H

TAM Q:

Tambjamine Q

RNA:

Ribonucleic acid

ABTS:

2,2-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)

GvHD:

Graft versus host disease

IUPAC:

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

LC-HRMS:

Liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry

DPPH:

2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl

MRSA:

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

CP-MLR:

Combinatorial protocol in multiple linear regressions

IPTG:

Isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactoside

HEp-2:

Laryngeal epidermoid carcinoma

HL-60:

Human promyelocytic leukemia

NCIH-292:

Lung mucoepidermoid carcinoma

MCF-7:

Breast adenocarcinoma cell lines

HepG2:

The human liver cancer cell

A549:

Human lung carcinoma

K562:

Human bone marrow chronic

B-CLL:

B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia

U937:

Human Caucasian histiocytic lymphoma derived from malignant cells

IMR-32:

A human neuroblastoma cell line

MCF-7:

MCF-7 is a breast cancer cell line isolated in 1970 from a 69-year-old Caucasian woman

DLD-1:

One of four colorectal adenocarcinoma cell

SW-620:

SW-620 cell line expresses carcinoembryonic antigen

P27 :

Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (p27Kip1) is an enzyme inhibitor that in humans is encoded by the CDKN1B gene

P53 :

p53, also known as TP53 or tumour protein (EC: 2.7. 1.37) is a gene that codes for a protein that regulates the cell cycle and hence functions as a tumour suppression

P73 :

p73 (encoded by TP73 gene) is a p53-related protein that functions as a transcriptional factor

P38 :

P38 mitogen–activated protein kinases

P38 MAP Kinase (MAPK):

also called RK or CSBP (cytokinin-specific binding protein), is the mammalian orthologue of the yeast Hog1p MAP kinase, which participates in a signaling cascade controlling cellular responses to cytokines and stress

Cdk 2:

Cyclin-dependent kinase 2

PKC:

Protein kinase C

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase

PTP1B:

Protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B

PP2A:

Protein phosphatase 2

JNK:

Jun N-terminal kinase

RAD 51:

RAD51 gene provides instructions for making a protein that is essential for repairing damaged DNA

c-Jun:

It is a protein that in humans is encoded by the JUN gene

∆Np73:

∆Np73-α synergizes with specificity protein (Sp1)

mTORC1/2:

Mammalian target of rapamycin

PI3K-p85:

Phosphoinositide 3-kinases

SKP2:

S-Phase kinase-associated protein 2

PKB:

Protein kinase B

HL60:

Human acute promyelocytic leukemia

Hep G2:

Human hepatocellular carcinoma

HCT 116:

Human colorectal carcinoma

H23-SK-MEL-5:

SK-MEL-5 is one of a series of melanoma cell lines established from patient-derived tumor samples

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Acknowledgment

The authors also acknowledge the cooperation and assistance received from the Department of Chemical engineering and Bio-engineering, National Institute of Technology, Agartala to conduct the reported study.

Funding

The authors received financial assistantship in the form of fellowship to conduct doctoral research from the National Institute of Technology and Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Agartala, Agartala, 799046, India

    Tania Paul, Tarun Kanti Bandyopadhyay & Abhijit Mondal

  2. Centre for Conservation and Utilisation of Blue Green Algae, Division of Microbiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (ICAR-IARI), New Delhi, 110012, India

    Onkar Nath Tiwari

  3. Department of Bio-Engineering, National Institute of Technology Agartala, Agartala, 799046, India

    Muthusivaramapandian Muthuraj & Biswanath Bhunia

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Highlights

• Biosynthesis of prodigiosin and its source

• Extraction and purification of prodigiosin

• Biochemical characterization of prodigiosin

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Paul, T., Bandyopadhyay, T.K., Mondal, A. et al. A comprehensive review on recent trends in production, purification, and applications of prodigiosin. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 12, 1409–1431 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-020-00928-2

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