Abstract
It is a well-known fact that energy consumption is rapidly increasing due to population growth, higher standard of living and increased production. A significant amount of energy resources are being consumed by the transportation sector leading to fast depletion of fossil fuels and environmental pollution. Biodiesel is one of the technically and economically feasible options to tackle the aforesaid problems. Biodiesel seems to be a replacement to the diesel and can be commonly produced by two-step esterification–transesterification process. In the current research, single-step process of direct transesterification method is developed and is compared with conventional two-step esterification–transesterification method. The fuel properties of biodiesel produced by these two methods have been studied. The results revealed that fuel properties of biodiesel like calorific value, kinematic viscosity, flash point, density, acid value remained similar in both methods. However, the new method developed is superior with respect to reduced reaction time, lower acid value and increased biodiesel yield. The acid value of biodiesel obtained by single-step and two-step method was found to be 0.1 and 0.25 mg KOH/g, respectively. The new method was able to reduce the reaction time from 5 to 2 h. Yield of biodiesel was increased from 2 to 5% indicating advantages of new method compared to two-step conventional method.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- CPPO:
-
Crude Pongamia pinnata oil
- PPME:
-
Pongamia pinnata methyl esters
- JCME:
-
Jatropha curcas methyl esters
- CIME:
-
Calophyllum inophyllum methyl esters
- CPME:
-
Ceiba pentandra methyl esters
- NSME:
-
Nigella sativa methyl esters
- DT:
-
Direct transesterification
- ET:
-
Esterification–transesterification
References
Singh, S.P.; Singh, D.: Biodiesel production through the use of different sources and characterization of oils and their esters as the substitute of diesel: a review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 14(1), 200–216 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.07.017
Borugadda, V.B.; Goud, V.V.: Biodiesel production from renewable feedstocks: status and opportunities. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 16(7), 4763–4784 (2012)
Khan, T.M.Y.; Atabani, A.E.; Badruddin, I.A.; Badarudin, A.; Khayoon, M.S.; Triwahyono, S.: Recent scenario and technologies to utilize non-edible oils for biodiesel production. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 37, 840–851 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.05.064
Pal, K.D.; Prakash, A.: New cost-effective method for conversion of vegetable oil to biodiesel. Bioresour. Technol. 121(0), 13–18 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.06.106
Thanh, L.T.; Okitsu, K.; Sadanaga, Y.; Takenaka, N.; Maeda, Y.; Bandow, H.: A new co-solvent method for the green production of biodiesel fuel—optimization and practical application. Fuel 103, 742–748 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2012.09.029
Alhassan, Y.; Kumar, N.; Bugaje, I.M.; Pali, H.S.; Kathkar, P.: Co-solvents transesterification of cotton seed oil into biodiesel: effects of reaction conditions on quality of fatty acids methyl esters. Energy Convers. Manag. 84(0), 640–648 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.04.080
Farobie, O.; Yanagida, T.; Matsumura, Y.: New approach of catalyst-free biodiesel production from canola oil in supercritical tert-butyl methyl ether (MTBE). Fuel 135(0), 172–181 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.06.049
Dawodu, F.A.; Ayodele, O.O.; Xin, J.; Zhang, S.: Dimethyl carbonate mediated production of biodiesel at different reaction temperatures. Renew. Energy 68(0), 581–587 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2014.02.036
Tan, K.T.; Lee, K.T.; Mohamed, A.R.: A glycerol-free process to produce biodiesel by supercritical methyl acetate technology: an optimization study via response surface methodology. Bioresour. Technol. 101(3), 965–969 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.09.004
Shi, H.; Bao, Z.: Direct preparation of biodiesel from rapeseed oil leached by two-phase solvent extraction. Bioresour. Technol. 99(18), 9025–9028 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.04.025
Wen, L.; Wang, Y.; Lu, D.; Hu, S.; Han, H.: Preparation of KF/CaO nanocatalyst and its application in biodiesel production from Chinese tallow seed oil. Fuel 89(9), 2267–2271 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2010.01.028
Hayyan, A.; Hashim, M.A.; Hayyan, M.; Mjalli, F.S.; AlNashef, I.M.: A new processing route for cleaner production of biodiesel fuel using a choline chloride based deep eutectic solvent. J. Clean. Prod. 65(0), 246–251 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.08.031
Hu, S.; Wen, L.; Wang, Y.; Zheng, X.; Han, H.: Gas-liquid countercurrent integration process for continuous biodiesel production using a microporous solid base KF/CaO as catalyst. Bioresour. Technol. 123(0), 413–418 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.05.143
Sharma, Y.; Singh, B.; Upadhyay, S.N.: Advancements in development and characterization of biodiesel: a review. Fuel 87(12), 2355–2373 (2008)
Ginting, M.S.A.; Azizan, M.T.; Yusup, S.: Alkaline in situ ethanolysis of Jatropha curcas. Fuel 93, 82–85 (2012)
Shi, W.; Li, J.; He, B.; Yan, F.; Cui, Z.; Wu, K.; Lin, L.; Qian, X.; Cheng, Y.: Biodiesel production from waste chicken fat with low free fatty acids by an integrated catalytic process of composite membrane and sodium methoxide. Bioresour. Technol. 139, 316–322 (2013)
Chen, K.-S.; Lin, Y.-C.; Hsu, K.-H.; Wang, H.-K.: Improving biodiesel yields from waste cooking oil by using sodium methoxide and a microwave heating system. Energy 38(1), 151–156 (2012)
Lin, Y.-C.; Hsu, K.-H.; Lin, J.-F.: Rapid palm-biodiesel production assisted by a microwave system and sodium methoxide catalyst. Fuel 115, 306–311 (2014)
Srivastava, P.; Verma, M.: Methyl ester of karanja oil as an alternative renewable source energy. Fuel 87(8), 1673–1677 (2008)
Sharma, Y.C.; Singh, B.; Korstad, J.: High yield and conversion of biodiesel from a nonedible feedstock (Pongamia pinnata). J. Agric. Food Chem. 58(1), 242–247 (2009)
Griffiths, M.; Van Hille, R.P.; Harrison, S.T.L.: Selection of direct transesterification as the preferred method for assay of fatty acid content of microalgae. Lipids 45(11), 1053–1060 (2010)
Sahoo, P.; Das, L.M.: Combustion analysis of Jatropha, Karanja and Polanga based biodiesel as fuel in a diesel engine. Fuel 88(6), 994–999 (2009)
Dhar, A.; Agarwal, A.K.: Performance, emissions and combustion characteristics of Karanja biodiesel in a transportation engine. Fuel 119, 70–80 (2014)
Chauhan, B.S.; Kumar, N.; Cho, H.M.; Lim, H.C.: A study on the performance and emission of a diesel engine fueled with Karanja biodiesel and its blends. Energy 56, 1–7 (2013)
Thiruvengadaravi, K.; Nandagopal, J.; Baskaralingam, P.; Bala, V.S.S.; Sivanesan, S.: Acid-catalyzed esterification of karanja (Pongamia pinnata \(>\)) oil with high free fatty acids for biodiesel production. Fuel 98, 1–4 (2012)
Naik, M.; Meher, L.C.; Naik, S.N.; Das, L.M.: Production of biodiesel from high free fatty acid Karanja Pongamia pinnata oil. Biomass Bioenergy 32(4), 354–357 (2008)
Atabani, A.; Silitonga, A.S.; Badruddin, I.A.; Mahlia, T.M.I.; Masjuki, H.H.; Mekhilef, S.: A comprehensive review on biodiesel as an alternative energy resource and its characteristics. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 16(4), 2070–2093 (2012)
Demirbas, A.: Progress and recent trends in biodiesel fuels. Energy Convers. Manag. 50(1), 14–34 (2009)
Tat, M.E.; Van Gerpen, J.H.: The specific gravity of biodiesel and its blends with diesel fuel. J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc. 77(2), 115–119 (2000)
Bahadur, N.P.; Boocock, D.G.B.; Konar, S.K.: Liquid hydrocarbons from catalytic pyrolysis of sewage sludge lipid and canola oil: evaluation of fuel properties. Energy Fuels 9(2), 248–256 (1995)
Wang, Y.; Liu, P.; Ou, S.; Zhang, Z.: Preparation of biodiesel from waste cooking oil via two-step catalyzed process. Energy Convers. Manag. 48(1), 184–188 (2007)
Marchetti, J.M.: A summary of the available technologies for biodiesel production based on a comparison of different feedstock’s properties. Process Saf. Environ. Prot. 90(3), 157–163 (2012)
Banković-Ilić, I.B.; Stamenković, O.S.; Veljković, V.B.: Biodiesel production from non-edible plant oils. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 16(6), 3621–3647 (2012)
Jain, S.; Sharma, M.P.: Biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas oil. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 14(9), 3140–3147 (2010)
Demirbas, A.: Comparison of transesterification methods for production of biodiesel from vegetable oils and fats. Energy Convers. Manag. 49(1), 125–130 (2008)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yunus Khan, T.M., Badruddin, I.A., Ankalgi, R.F. et al. Biodiesel Production by Direct Transesterification Process via Sequential Use of Acid–Base Catalysis. Arab J Sci Eng 43, 5929–5936 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-018-3078-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-018-3078-5