Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Indian porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus bears discontinuous deletion of 30 amino acids in nonstructural protein 2

  • Original Article
  • Published:
VirusDisease Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Since its first outbreak in 2013, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) has established as an enzootic disease in pig population of Mizoram state, India. Our previous studies based on phylogenetic analysis of ORF5 and ORF7 gene sequences revealed close relationship of Indian PRRSV with the highly pathogenic variant of PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) of Chinese origin. Despite the control measures, second major outbreak of the disease was recorded in Aizawl district of Mizoram in 2015. The objective of the present study was to examine the origin of PRRSV isolates of 2015 outbreak, identification of deleted region in Nsp2 gene and determination of any genetic variation between 2013 and 2015 isolates of PRRSV. The outbreak was confirmed by the detection of PRRSV-specific antibodies in 57 out of 92 serum samples (61.96 %) and also by RT-PCR in 42 out of 42 necropsy samples (100 %). Nucleotide sequence analysis of Nsp2 coding region of Indian isolates and comparison with reference sequences revealed 90 nucleotides discontinuous deletion further establishes the closeness of Indian PRRSV to Chinese HP-PRRSV. Further, sequence and phylogenetic analysis of ORF5, ORF7 and Nsp2 genes of Indian PRRSV from both 2013 and 2015 revealed that the outbreaks were caused by two different strains of HP-PRRSV closely associated with the Chinese 10 HEB-3 isolate and 07QN isolates of Vietnam origin respectively. The present study confirms that the Indian PRRSV is a highly pathogenic variant of PRRSV and this study serves as the basis for developing practical and effective control measures against this disease.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Albina E. Epidemiology of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS): an overview. Vet Microbiol. 1997;55:309–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. An TQ, Tian ZJ, Xiao Y, Li R, Peng JM, Wei TC, Zhang Y, Zhou YJ, Tong GZ. Origin of highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16:365–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Baron T, Albina E, Leforban Y, Madec F, Guilmoto H, Plana Duran J, Vannier P. Report on the first outbreaks of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) in France. Diagnosis and viral isolation. Ann Rech Vet. 1992;23:161–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Benfield DA, Nelson E, Collins JE, Harris L, Goya SM, Robison D, Christianson WT, Morrison RB, Gorcyca DE, Chladek DW. Characterization of swine infertility and respiratory syndrome (SIRS) virus (isolate ATCC-VR2332). J Vet Diagn Invest. 1992;4:127–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Bilodeau R, Dea S, Sauvageau RA, Martineau GP. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome in Quebec. Vet Rec. 1991;129:102–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Bøtner A, Nielsen J, Bille-Hansen V. Isolation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus in a Danish swine herd and experimental infection of pregnant gilts with the virus. Vet Microbiol. 1994;40:351–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Cannon N, Audige L, Denac H, Hofmann M, Grinot C. Evidence of freedom from porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection in Switzerland. Vet Res. 1998;142:142–3.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Collins JE, Benfield DA, Christianson WT, Harris L, Hennings JC, Shaw DP, Goyal SM, McCullough S, Morrison RB, Joo HS, et al. Isolation of swine infertility and respiratory syndrome virus (isolate ATCC VR-2332) in North America and experimental reproduction of the disease in gnotobiotic pigs. J Vet Diagn Invest. 1992;4:117–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Dea S, Gagnon CA, Mardassi H, Pirzadeh B, Rogan D. Current knowledge on the structural proteins of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus: comparison of the North American and European isolates. Arch Virol. 2000;145:659–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Dietze K, Pinto J, Wainwright S, Hamilton C. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS): virulence jumps and persistent circulation in Southeast Asia. In Focus on, 2011; No. 5, p. 8. Rome. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

  11. Díez-Fuertes F, Simarro I, Castro JM, Prieto C. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolates differ in their susceptibility to neutralization. Vaccine. 2011;29:6928–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Fang Y, Kim DY, Ropp S, Steen P, Christopher-Hennings J, Nelson EA, Rowland RR. Heterogeneity in Nsp2 of European-like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses isolated in the United States. Virus Res. 2004;100:229–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Forsberg R. Divergence time of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus sub-types. Mol Biol Evol. 2005;11:2131–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Gao ZQ, Guo X, Yang HC. Genomic characterization of two Chinese isolates of porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus. Arch Virol. 2004;149:1341–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Keffaber K. Reproductive failure of unknown etiology. Am Assoc Swine Pract Newsl. 1989;1:9.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Kuwahara H, Nunoya T, Tajima M, Kato A, Samejima T. An outbreak of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome in Japan. J Vet Med Sci. 1994;56:901–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Li J, Murtaugh MP. Dissociation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus neutralization from antibodies specific to major envelope protein surface epitopes. Virology. 2012;433:367–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Li Y, Wang X, Bo K, Wang X, Tang B, Yang B, Jiang W, Jiang P. Emergence of a highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in the Mid-Eastern region of China. Vet J. 2007;174:577–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Meng XJ, Paul PS, Halbur PG, Lum MA. Phylogenetic analyses of the putative M (ORF6) and N (ORF7) genes of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV): implication for the existence of two genotypes of PRRSV in the U.S.A. and Europe. Arch Virol. 1995;140:745–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Meulenberg JJ, Petersen-den BA, De Kluyver EP, Moormann RJ, Schaaper WM, Wensvoort G. Characterization of proteins encoded by ORFs 2 to 7 of Lelystad virus. Virology. 1995;206(1):155–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Motha J, Stark K, Thompson J. New Zealand is free from PRRS, TGE and PRRSV. Surveillance. 1997;24:10–1.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Nguyen T. 2013. PRRS control in the region. Conf. OIE 2013.

  23. Pejsak Z, Stadejek T, Markowska-Daniel I. Clinical signs and economic losses caused by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in a large breeding farm. Vet Microbiol. 1997;55:317–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Rajkhowa TK, Gogoi A, Hauhnar L, Isaac I. Molecular detection, epidemiology and clinico-pathological studies on first outbreak of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) in pig population of Mizoram, India. Indian J Anim Sci. 2015;85(4):13.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Rajkhowa TK, Jagan Mohanarao G, Gogoi A, Hauhnar L, Isaac L. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) from the first outbreak of India shows close relationship with the highly pathogenic variant of China. Vet Q. 2015;35(4):186–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Rossow KD. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome. Vet Pathol. 1998;35:1–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Spilman MS, Welbon C, Nelson E, Dokland T. Cryo-electron tomography of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus: organization of the nucleocapsid. J Gen Virol. 2009;90:527–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Tamura K, Peterson D, Peterson N, Stecher G, Nei M, Kumar S. MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Mol Biol Evol. 2011;28(10):2731–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Tian K, Yu X, Zhao T, Feng Y, Cao Z, Wang C, Hu Y, Chen X, Hu D, Tian X, Liu D, Zhang S, Deng X, Ding Y, Yang L, Zhang Y, Xiao H, Qiao M, Wang B, Hou L, Wang X, Yang X, Kang L, Sun M, Jin P, Wang S, Kitamura Y, Yan J, Gao GF. Emergence of fatal PRRSV variants: unparalleled outbreaks of atypical PRRS in China and molecular dissection of the unique hallmark. PLoS One. 2007;2(6):e526.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Tong GZ, Zhou YJ, Hao XF, Tian ZJ, An TQ, Qiu HJ. Highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13:1434–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Wensvoort G, Terpstra C, Pol JM, ter Laak EA, Bloemraad M, de Kluyver EP, Kragten C, van Buiten L, den Besten A, Wagenaar F, et al. Mystery swine disease in The Netherlands: the isolation of Lelystad virus. Vet Q. 1991;13:121–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Yu X, Chen N, Wang L, Wu J, Zhou Z, Ni J, Li X, Zhai X, Shi J, Tian K. New genomic characteristics of highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses do not lead to significant changes in pathogenicity. Vet Microbiol. 2012;158:291–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Zhou L, Zhang J, Zeng J, Yin S, Li Y, Zheng L, Guo X, Ge X, Yang H. The 30-amino-acid deletion in the Nsp2 of highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus emerging in China is not related to its virulence. J Virol. 2009;83(10):5156–67.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Authors are thankful to the Vice Chancellor, Central Agricultural University, Iroisemba, Imphal, Manipur for providing all necessary facilities to conduct the research work. Authors are also thankful to Department of Biotechnology, Government of India for funding the twinning project (C1-53), under which the work was carried out.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Sciences and A.H., Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, India

    T. K. Rajkhowa, A. Gogoi & L. Hauhnar

  2. Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Sciences and A.H., Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, India

    G. Jagan Mohanarao

Authors
  1. T. K. Rajkhowa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. G. Jagan Mohanarao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. A. Gogoi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. L. Hauhnar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to T. K. Rajkhowa.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 23 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Rajkhowa, T.K., Jagan Mohanarao, G., Gogoi, A. et al. Indian porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus bears discontinuous deletion of 30 amino acids in nonstructural protein 2. VirusDis. 27, 287–293 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-016-0341-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-016-0341-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation