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Extracellular vesicles shed by glioma cells: pathogenic role and clinical value

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  • Published:
Tumor Biology

Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are commonly used by normal and tumor cells for communication at long distances to exchange by complex molecular messages and deliver a variety of essential biomolecules. EVs (exosomes and microvesicles) released in large numbers by glioma cells represent a key mechanism of intercellular signaling. Tumor-derived EVs are produced to regulate all vital functions of tumor cells including growth, proliferation, migration, survival, malignancy, invasion, and resistance to host anti-tumor immunity and anti-cancer drugs. Glioma EVs were shown to carry a variety of biomolecules such as oncogenic growth factors, receptors, enzymes, transcription factors, signaling and immunomodulatory molecules, DNA of mutated and nonmutated oncogenes, RNA transcripts, and noncoding RNA including retrotransposons, vault RNA, and microRNAs. Glioma-derived EVs can be useful as a source of potential tumor-associated biomarkers essential for development and validation of new diagnostic and prognostic tools for glioma and glioblastoma. Tumor EVs are enriched with glioma antigens that could be helpful, for example, for development of new advanced anti-tumor immune vaccines based on autologous dendritic cells stimulated by tumor-specific antigens.

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Abbreviations

Akt:

V-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog

CSF:

Cerebrospinal fluid

DC:

Dendritic cell

ECM:

Extracellular matrix

EGF:

Epidermal growth factor

EGFR:

EGF receptor

EGFRvIII:

EGFR variant III (mutated)

ErbB2:

V-erb-b2 avian erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 2

ERK:

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase

EV:

Extracellular vesicle

FAK:

Focal adhesion kinase

FGF:

Fibroblast growth factor

GBM:

Glioblastoma multiforme

HSP:

Heat shock protein

HSPG:

Heparan sulfate proteoglycan

IDH:

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

IGFBP:

Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein

IL:

Interleukin

LTBP:

Latent-TGF-β-binding protein

MDR:

Multidrug resistance

MHC:

Major histocompatibility complex

miRNA:

MicroRNA

MMP:

Matrix metalloproteinase

MSC:

Mesenchymal stem cells

MV:

Microvesicle

MVB:

Multivesicular body

MVP:

Major vault protein

NF-κB:

Nuclear factor kappa B

PDGF:

Platelet derived growth factor

PDGFR:

PDGF receptor

PI3K:

Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase

PTEN:

Phosphatase and tensin homolog

TGF:

Transforming growth factor

Trk:

Receptor tyrosine kinases

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

VEGFR:

VEGF receptor

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Acknowledgments

This work is supported by intramural funding from the Pirogov Russian State Medical University.

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  1. Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov Russian State Medical University, Ulitsa Ostrovityanova 1, 117997, Moscow, Russia

    Dimitry A. Chistiakov & Vladimir P. Chekhonin

  2. Department of Fundamental and Applied Neurobiology, Serbsky State Research Center of Forensic and Social Psychiatry, 119991, Moscow, Russia

    Vladimir P. Chekhonin

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  1. Dimitry A. Chistiakov
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Chistiakov, D.A., Chekhonin, V.P. Extracellular vesicles shed by glioma cells: pathogenic role and clinical value. Tumor Biol. 35, 8425–8438 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13277-014-2262-9

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