Abstract
Based on communication theory, this study proposes a model to synthesize normal and wheezing sounds. The model included five parts: the flow source as a transmitter, the frequency and amplitude-modulated (FM–AM) sounds, the accompanying noise as a modulator, the airway wall as a medium, and the microphone as a receiver. The hypothesis of modulation builds on that the deviation of frequency and amplitude of the sounds which cause from the deviation of collision speed of the air flow on the wall. The model was successful to simulate the normal breath and wheezing sounds. Furthermore, it provided a correct proof for the CORSA description, which indicates that the wheeze was contained in the domain frequency at 400 Hz, but a number of investigators have suggested that the range is actually between 80–1,600 Hz and 350–950 Hz by filter theory. This study modifies the signal source in Wodicka et al. model, and describes it in functional blocks. In fact, the design of the signal source base on the knowledge of the lung sound studies, especially the analysis of components in the frequency and time domains. We synthesized the required components to reproduce the lung sounds, and proposed a mechanism of wheeze which was examined by the computer simulation in the points of the system engineering view.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Chugani ML, Samant AR, Cerna M (1998) LabVIEW signal processing. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River
Norian KH (2008) An electrical model of the heart. Int J Electr Eng Educ 45:26–33
Harper VP, Pasterkamp H, Kiyokawa H, Wodicka GR (2003) Modeling and measurement of flow effects on tracheal sounds. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 50:1–10
Hodgkin AL, Huxley AF (1952) A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve. J Physiol 117:500–544
Webster JG (1998) Medical instrumentation: application and design. Wiley, New York
Reed TR, Reed NE, Fritzson P (2004) Heart sound analysis for symptom detection and computer-aided diagnosis. Simul Model Pract Theory 12:129–146
Timothy SM, Barbara ES, Joseph LI Jr (2002) Validity and reliability of diastolic pulse contour analysis (Windkessel Model) in humans. Hypertension 39:963–968
Olufsen MS, Nadim A (2004) On deriving lumped models for blood flow and pressure in the systemic arteries. Math Biosci Eng 1:61–80
Wodicka GR, Kraman SS, Zenk GM, Pasterkamp H (1994) Measurement of respiratory acoustic signals. Chest 106:1140–1144
Kotaniemi-Syrjänen A, Vainionpää R, Reijonen TM, Waris M, Korhonen K, Korppi M (2003) Rhinovirus-induced wheezing in infancy—the first sign of childhood asthma? J Allergy Clin Immunol 111:66–71
Hole JW, Koos KA (1991) Human anatomy. Wm. C. Brown Publishers, Dubuque
Sovijarvi ARA, Vanderschoot J, Eavis JR (2000) Standard of computerized respiratory sound analysis. Eur Respir Rev 10:585
Forgacs P (1967) Crackles and wheezes. Lancet 2:203–205
Fredberg JJ, Holford SK (1983) Discrete lung sounds: crackles (rales) as stress-relaxation quadrupoles. J Acoust Soc Am 73:1036–1046
Proakis JG, Salehi M, Bauch B (2004) Contemporary communication Systems. Thomson Learning, Belmont
Sovijärvi ARA, Malmberg LP, Charbonneau G, Vanderschoot J, Dalmasso F, Sacco C, Rossi M, Earis JE (2000) Characteristics of breath sounds and adventitious respiratory sounds. Eur Respir Rev 10:591–596
Kraman SS, Wodicka GR, Pressler GA, Pasterkamp H (2006) Comparison of lung sound transducers using a bioacoustic transducer testing system. J Appl Physiol 101:469–476
Taplidou SA, Hadjileontiadis LJ (2007) Wheeze detection based on time-frequency analysis of breath sounds. Comput Biol Med 37:1073–1083
Beasley JS, Miller GM (2005) Modern electronic communication. Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River
Haykin S, Van Veen B (1998) Signals and systems. Wiley, New York
Gavriely N, Palti Y, Alroy G, Grotberg JB (1984) Measurement and theory of wheezing breath sounds. J Appl Physiol 57:481–492
Pasterkamp H, Tal A, Leahy F, Fenton R, Chernick V (1985) The effect of anticholinergic treatment on postexertional wheezing in asthma studied by phonopneumography and spirometry. Am Rev Respir Dis 132:16–21
Lin CL, Tawhai MH, McLeninan G, Hoffman EA (2009) Computational fluid dynamics. IEEE Eng Med Biol 28:25–33
Stremler FG (2005) Communication systems. Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River
Kandaswamy A, Sathish Kumar C, Ramanathan RmPl, Jayaraman S, Malmurugan N (2004) Neural classification of lung sounds using wavelet coefficients. Comput Biol Med 34:523–537
Hadjileontiadis LJ, Panas SM (1998) A wavelet-based reduction of heart sound noise from lung sounds. Int J Med Inform 52:183–190
Ma X, Cheng Z, Kong H, Wang Y, Unruh H, Stephens NL, Laviolette M (2002) Changes in biophysical and biochemical properties of single bronchial smooth muscle cells from asthmatic subjects. Am J Physiol 283:1181–1189
Matsumoto H, Niimi A, Tabuena RP, Takemura M, Ueda T, Yamaguchi M, Matsuoka H, Jinnai M, Chin K, Mishima M (2007) Airway wall thickening in patients with cough variant asthma and nonasthmatic chronic cough. Chest 131:1042–1049
Acknowledgements
The authors thank for the supports from the project no. NSC 99-2221-E-002-047, National Science Council, Taiwan, Republic of China. In addition, the authors thank for the valuable comments from the reviewers.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lu, BY., Wu, HD., Shih, SR. et al. Combination of frequency and amplitude-modulated model for the synthesis of normal and wheezing sounds. Australas Phys Eng Sci Med 34, 449–457 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13246-011-0105-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13246-011-0105-1