Abstract
The present investigation aimed to look at the effects of biotic and abiotic elicitors during Soybean seed development and cell suspension culture in isoflavones accumulation. The expression levels of four major genes viz., CHS7, CHS8, IFS2, and IFS1 involved on isoflavones biosynthesis during seed developmental stages from R5L–R7 was seen in both MAUS-2 and JS-335 Soybean varieties. The R7 stage showed 1.24-fold upregulation of IFS1transcript level and considered as the control for Soybean seed development. Both varieties during R6−R8 stages responded differently to the foliar application of 10 µM SA, 10 µM MJ and 0.1% Aspergillus niger. The IFS2 transcripts were upregulated by SA at the R7 stage with 5.21- and 4.68-fold in JS-335 and MAUS-2, respectively. IFS1 expression was significantly increased by A. niger treatment at R7 stage with 3.98- and 3.21-fold in MAUS-2 and JS-335, respectively. The expression of CHS7 and CHS8 by 10 μM SA at R7 level revealed maximum up-regulation of 0.51- and 1.01-fold in MAUS-2; 0.37- and 0.82-fold in JS-335, respectively. In the soybean callus suspension culture, biosynthetic genes were used to validate the effects of elicitor on isoflavones. Both biotic and abiotic treatments contribute to the upregulation of IFS1 and IFS2 expression, that in turn, leads to the accumulation of isoflavone in seed development as well as in suspension cultures. These data further suggested that the IFS2 is the key gene responsible for the isoflavone accumulation during elicitor treatment.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akashi T, Aoki T, Ayabe S (1999) Cloning and functional expression of a cytochrome P450 cDNA encoding 2-hydroxyisoflavanone synthase involved in biosynthesis of the isoflavonoid skeleton in licorice. Plant Physiol 121:821–828. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.121.3.821
Akitha Devi MK, Giridhar P (2014) Isoflavone augmentation in Soybean cell cultures is optimized using response surface methodology. J Agric Food Chem 62:3143–3149. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf500207x
Akitha Devi MK, Giridhar P (2015) Variations in physiological response, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme activities, proline and isoflavones content in Soybean varieties subjected to drought stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci, India, Sect B Biol Sci 85(1):35–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-013-0244-0
Akitha Devi MK, Kumar SS, Giridhar P (2018) High yield production of folates from soybean callus cultures in response to elicitors. Biotech 8:80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-018-1101-x
Chen H, Seguin P, Archambault A, Constan L, Jabaji S (2009) Gene expression and isoflavone concentrations in Soybean sprouts treated with chitosan. Crop Sci 49:224–236. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2007.09.0536
Chennupati P, Seguin P, Chamoun R, Jabaji S (2012) Effects of high temperature stress on Soybean isoflavone concentration and expression of key genes involved in isoflavone synthesis. J Agric Food Chem 60:12421–12427. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf3036319
Cheng H, Yu O, Yu D (2008) Polymorphisms of IFS1 and IFS2 gene are associated with isoflavone concentrations in Soybean seeds. Plant Sci 175:505–512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2008.05.020
Creelman RA, Mullet JE (1997) Biosynthesis and action of jasmonates in plants. Annu Rev Plant Biol 48:355–381. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.355
Devi MA, Kumar SS, Giridhar P (2018) LC–ESI–MS based characterisation of isoflavones in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) from India. J Food Sci Technol 55(12):5045–5054. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-018-3443-0
Dhaubhadel S, Gijzen M, Moy P, Farhangkhoee M (2007) Transcriptome analysis reveals a critical role of CHS7 and CHS8 genes for isoflavonoid synthesis in Soybean seeds. Plant Physiol 143:326–338. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.106.086306
Dhaubhadel S, McGarvey BD, Williams R, Gijzen M (2003) Isoflavonoid biosynthesis and accumulation in developing Soybean seeds. Plant Mol Biol 53:733–743. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:PLAN.0000023666.30358.ae
Dixon RA, Paiva NL (1995) Stress-induced phenylpropanoid metabolism. Plant Cell 7:1085. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.7.7.1085
Draper J (1997) Salicylate, superoxide synthesis and cell suicide in plant defence. Trends Plant Sci 2:162–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1360-1385(97)01030-3
Giridhar P, Parimalan R (2010) A biotechnological perspective towards improvement of annatto color production for value addition—the influence of biotic elicitors. Asia Pac J Mol Biol Biotechnol 18:77–79
Gueven A, Knorr D (2011) Isoflavonoid production by soy plant callus suspension culture. J Food Eng 103(3):237–243
Gutierrez-Gonzalez JJ, Guttikonda SK, Tran LSP, Aldrich DL, Zhong R, Yu O, Nguyen H, Sleper DA (2010) Differential expression of isoflavone biosynthetic genes in Soybean during water deficits. Plant Cell Physiol 51:936–948. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcq065
Jung W, Yu O, Lau SMC, O'Keefe DP, Odell J, Fader G, McGonigle B (2000) Identification and expression of isoflavone synthase, the key enzyme for biosynthesis of isoflavones in legumes. Nat Biotechnol 18:208–212. https://doi.org/10.1038/72671
Kim HJ, Chen F, Wang X, Rajapakse NC (2005) Effect of chitosan on them biological properties of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). J Agric Food Chem 53:3696–3701. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0480804
Kim J, Chung I (2007) Change in isoflavone concentration of Soybean (Glycine max L.) seeds at different growth stages. J Sci Food Agric 87:496–503. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2743
Komaraiah P, Naga Amrutha R, Kavi Kishor PB, Ramakrishna SV (2002) Elicitor enhanced production of plumbagin in suspension cultures of Plumbago rosea L. Enzyme and Microb Technol 31(5):634-–639
Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD (2001) Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(− ∆∆ C(T)) Method. Methods San Diego Calif 25:402–408. https://doi.org/10.1006/meth.2001.1262
Lozovaya VV, Lygin AV, Ulanov AV, Nelson RL, Daydé J, Widholm JM (2005) Effect of temperature and soil moisture status during seed development on Soybean seed isoflavone concentration and composition. Crop Sci 45:1934–1940. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2004.0567
Modolo LV, Cunha FQ, Braga MR, Salgado I (2002) Nitric oxide synthase- mediated phytoalexin accumulation in soybean cotyledons in response to the Diaporthepha seolorum f. sp. meridionalis elicitor. Plant Physiol 130:1288–1297. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.005850
Sakthivelu G, Akitha Devi M, Giridhar P, Rajasekaran T, Ravishankar G, Nikolova M, Angelov G, Todorova R, Kosturkova G (2008) Isoflavone composition, phenol content, and antioxidant activity of Soybean seeds from India and Bulgaria. J Agr Food Chem 56:2090–2095. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf072939a
Sivanandhan G, Kapil Dev G, Jeyaraj M, Rajesh M, Arjunan A, Muthuselvam M, Manickavasagam M, Selvaraj N, Ganapathi A (2013) Increased production of withanolide A, withanone, and withaferin A in hairy root cultures of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal elicited with methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Culture (PCTOC) 114(1):121–129
Subramanian S, Hu X, Lu G, Odelland JT, Yu O (2004) The promoters of two isoflavone synthase genes respond differentially to nodulation and defense signals in transgenic Soybean roots. J Plant Mol Biol 54:623–639. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:PLAN.0000040814.28507.35
Suzuki H, Reddy MS, Naoumkina M, Aziz N, May GD, Huhman DV, Sumner LW, Blount JW, Mendes P, Dixon RA (2005) Methyl jasmonate and yeast elicitor induce differential transcriptional and metabolic re-programming in cell suspension cultures of the model legume Medicago truncatula. Planta 220:696–707. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-004-1387-2
Theboral J, Sivanandhan G, Subramanyam K, Arun M, Selvaraj N, Manickavasagam M, Ganapathi A (2014) Enhanced production of isoflavones by elicitation in hairy root cultures of Soybean. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Culture (PCTOC) 117(3):477–481
Vyn TJ, Yin X, Bruulsema TW, Jackson C-JC, Rajcan I, Brouder SM (2002) Potassium Fertilization effects on isoflavone concentrations in Soybean [(L.) Merr.]. J Agric Food Chem 50(12):3501–3506
Wei S (2010) Methyl jasmonic acid induced expression pattern of terpenoid indole alkaloid pathway genes in Catharanthusroseus seedlings. Plant Growth Regul 61:243–251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-010-9468-7
Yu O, McGonigle B (2005) Metabolic engineering of isoflavone biosynthesis. AdvAgron 86:147–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(05)86003-1
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to CSIR, New Delhi for funding this project (CSIR-CFTRI-MLP-0152). Authors MKAD and GK are grateful to CSIR, New Delhi and ICMR, New Delhi, respectively, for fellowship.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Devi, M.K.A., Kumar, G. & Giridhar, P. Effect of biotic and abiotic elicitors on isoflavone biosynthesis during seed development and in suspension cultures of soybean (Glycine max L.). 3 Biotech 10, 98 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-020-2065-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-020-2065-1