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Symbiodinium diversity associated with zoanthids (Cnidaria: Hexacorallia) in Northeastern Brazil

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Abstract

Some marine animals have a dynamic mutualistic association involving heterotrophic coral animals (hosts) and autotrophic dinoflagellate endosymbionts in the genus Symbiodinium, known as zooxanthellae, which are directly involved in their physiology. Currently, there is limited knowledge of the Symbiodinium diversity associated with zoanthids from the Brazilian coast. Hence, this study assessed the diversity of zooxanthellae associated with Palythoa caribaeorum, Zoanthus sociatus and Protopalythoa variabilis commonly found on the northeast coast. Zoanthids samples were collected from sandstone reefs, and the total DNA from the samples was extracted. Diversity was assessed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and ITS region cloning library. Data from ITS region sequences showed that zoanthids hosted two phylogenetic subclades or subgenus (C1 and A3) closely related to Symbiodinium from previous studies. Subclade C1 was found in Pa. caribaeorum, Pr. variabilis and Z. sociatus, while subclade A3 was found exclusively in Z. sociatus. This suggests that Pa. caribaeorum and Pr. variabilis are extremely selective, whereas Z. sociatus shows greater flexibility in the selection of its symbionts, and these differences may be involved with living in different reef environments. Knowledge of zooxanthellae diversity associated with zoanthids can explain their large distribution in Brazilian coast and contribute to a better understanding of zoanthid’s sensitivity to thermal stress.

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Acknowledgments

This study was conducted in partnership with researchers from the Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Biotechnology (Lembiotech), whom we sincerely thank. The authors gratefully acknowledge the collaboration of Dr. Janet Reid for English review and valuable suggestions and MSc. Taffarel Torres for phylogenetic tree suggestions. The study received support from CAPES, through the Project Marine Sciences, process no. 0532/2010.

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  1. Laboratório de Ecologia Marinha, Departamento de Ciências Animais, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Br 110, Km 47, Bairro Presidente Costa e Silva, 59614-000, Mossoró, RN, Brazil

    Emanuelle Fontenele Rabelo

  2. Laboratório de Ecologia de Micro-organismos, Departamento de Ciências Animais, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Br 110, Km 47, Bairro Presidente Costa e Silva, 59614-000, Mossoró, RN, Brazil

    Lidianne Leal Rocha

  3. Laboratório de Ecologia Microbiana e Biotecnologia, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Av. Humberto Monte 2977, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil

    Geórgia Barguil Colares, Tatiana Araújo Bomfim, Vanessa Lúcia Rodrigues Nogueira & Vânia Maria Maciel Melo

  4. Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, c. Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092, Sevilla, Spain

    Marco Katzenberger

  5. Instituto de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Av. da Abolição, 3207, 60165-081, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil

    Helena Matthews-Cascon & Vânia Maria Maciel Melo

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  1. Emanuelle Fontenele Rabelo
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Correspondence to Emanuelle Fontenele Rabelo.

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Rabelo, E.F., Rocha, L.L., Colares, G.B. et al. Symbiodinium diversity associated with zoanthids (Cnidaria: Hexacorallia) in Northeastern Brazil. Symbiosis 64, 105–113 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13199-014-0308-9

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