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Microwave-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction of phenolic antioxidants from onion (Allium cepa L.) peel: a Box–Behnken design approach for optimization

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Abstract

Valorization of onion peel waste, considered to be a rich source of polyphenolic compounds, by employing green extraction techniques is the need of the hour. The aim of the present study was to optimize the microwave-assisted extraction of bioactive phenolic compounds from onion peel wastes employing ChCl:Urea:H2O deep eutectic solvent. Microwave power (100–200–300 W), time (5–15–25 min) and liquid to solid ratio (40:1–50:1–60:1) were studied as the major parameters affecting the extraction efficiency. A Box–Behnken design was adopted including 17 experiments with five centre points. The optimum conditions determined were 100 W microwave power, 15.03 min irradiation time and 54.97 mL g−1 liquid to solid ratio. Under the MAE optimized conditions, the recovery of TPC and FRAP were 80.45 (mg GAE g−1 dw) and 636.18 (µmol AAE g−1 dw), respectively. Morphology of onion peels before and after DES extraction were also studied to gain an insight in the effect of microwave irradiations on the biomass.

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Abbreviations

AAE:

Ascorbic acid equivalents

BBD:

Box–Behnken design

ChCl:U:

Choline chloride:urea

DES:

Deep eutectic solvent

EA:

Ethyl acetate

FRAP:

Ferric reducing antioxidant power

GAE:

Gallic acid equivalents

HBA:

Hydrogen bond acceptor

HBD:

Hydrogen bond donors

HPLC:

High performance liquid chromatography

HSE:

Heating–stirring extraction

LLE:

Liquid–liquid extraction

MADESE:

Microwave-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction

MAE:

Microwave-assisted extraction

PC:

Phenolic compounds

RSM:

Response surface methodology

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

TPC:

Total phenolic content

TPTZ:

2,4,6-Trippyridyl-s-triazine

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of Dr. N. A. Gajbhiye, Senior Scientist (Organic Chemistry), ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants Research, Anand, Gujarat by providing necessary facilities for HPLC analysis of the samples and help rendered in analytical determinations.

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  1. Chemical Engineering Department, S. V. National Institute of Technology, Surat, Gujarat, 395007, India

    Chandra Bhushan T. Pal & Girirajsinh C. Jadeja

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  1. Chandra Bhushan T. Pal
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  2. Girirajsinh C. Jadeja
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Correspondence to Girirajsinh C. Jadeja.

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Pal, C.B.T., Jadeja, G.C. Microwave-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction of phenolic antioxidants from onion (Allium cepa L.) peel: a Box–Behnken design approach for optimization. J Food Sci Technol 56, 4211–4223 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-019-03891-7

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