Abstract
The effectiveness of different postharvest wash treatments at two levels (10 and 20 g/l) for different dipping times was determined to remove chlorpyrifos from date fruits treated at concentration of 2 mg/l. The recovered amount of chlorpyrifos was extracted based on the solid phase extraction (SPE) method and then analyzed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results demonstrate that the removal of chlorpyrifos increased in the order of acetic acid (AA)> citric acid (CA)> hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)> potassium permanganate (KMnO4)> running water (H2O), and the percent of pesticide residue on date fruits depended on the concentration of tested washing treatments and dipping time without the formation of the toxic by-product, chlorpyrifos-oxon. Kinetic studies revealed that chlorpyrifos was found to be more easily removable from date fruits treated with the tested chemical solutions with t1/2 values of 12–29 min compared with roughly 53 min in case of running water. The impact of these washing treatments on quality of date fruits illustrated that all treatments exerted a little negative effect on total sugars content but H2O2 and KMnO4 at level of 2 % had more drastic effect. Whereas, running water, 10 and 20 g/l CA caused significant increases in total phenolic contents, during all the tested contact times compared with control. Except the insignificant effect of KMnO4 treatments, antioxidant capacity of date fruits tended to increase in all wash treatments, when the contact times were 5 or 15 min.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abou-Arab AAK (1999) Behavior of pesticides in tomatoes during commercial and home preparation. Food Chem 65:509–514
Alexander M (1994) Biodegradation and bioremediation. Academic, San Diego, CA, USA
Al-Farsi M, Alasalvar C, Morris A, Baron M, Shahidi F (2005) Comparison of antioxidant activity, anthocyanins, carotenoids, and phenolics of three native fresh and sun-dried date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) varieties grown in Oman. J Agric Food Chem 53:7592–7599
Al-Humaid AI, Mousa HM, El-Mergawi RA, Abdel-Salam AM (2010) Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of dates and dates-camel-milk mixtures as a protective meal against lipid peroxidation in rats. Am J Food Technol 5:22–30
Allaith AA (2008) Antioxidant activity of Bahraini date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruit of various cultivars. International J Food Sci Technol 43:1033–1040
Al-Rehiayani S, Osman KA (2003) Residual levels of preharvest-sprayed amitraz in date fruits. J Pest Cont Environ Sci 11:1–12
Al-Rehiayani S, Osman KA (2005) Fate of preharvest-prayed dicofol in date fruits: residue analysis by HPLC. Agric Marine Sci Sultan Qaboos Univ 10:21–26
Al-Showiman SS, Fayadh JM (1990) Chemical composition of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). J Chem Soc Pak 12:84–103
Amdur MO, Doull J, Klaassen CD (1991) Casarett’s and Doull’s toxicology: the basic science of poisons. 4th edn, Pub. McGraw Hill, Inc.
Anon (2004) The fruit of the desert. Saudi sate market, Al-butain Agricultural Cooperative Association (BACA), Issue June 7, 2004. Available at: http://www.dates.com.sa/SaudiDates/SaudiDates.htm. 16/01/2010.
Asghari M, Aghdam MS (2010) Impact of salicylic acid on post-harvest physiology of horticultural crops. Trend Food Sci Tech 10:502–509
Bajwa U, Sandhu KS (2011) Effect of handling and processing on pesticide residues in food- a review. J Food Sci Technol. doi:10.1007/s13197-011-0499-5
Bebe FN, Panemangalore N (2003) Exposure to low doses of endosulfan and chlorpyrifos modifies endogenous antioxidants in tissue of rats. J Environ Sci Health B 38:349–363
Benitez FJ, Acero JL, Real FJ (2002) Degrading of carbofuran by using ozone, UV, radiation and advanced oxidation processes. J Hazard Mater B89:51–65
Besbes S, Drira L, Blecker C, Deroanne C, Attia H (2009) Adding value to hard date (Phoenix dactylifera L.): compositional, functional and sensory characteristics of date jam. Food Chem 112:406–411
Biglari F, Alkarkhi AFM, Easa AM (2008) Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of various date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) fruits from Iran. Food Chem 107:1636–1641
Brand-Williams W, Cuvelier ME, Berset C (1995) Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. Lelbensmittel Wissenschaften und Technologie 28:25–30
Buxton GV, Greenstock CL, Helman WP, Ross AB (1988) Critical review of rate constants for reactions hydrated electrons, hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl radicals in aqueous solution. Phys Chem Ref Data 17:513–886
Cengiz MF, Certel M, Karakas B, Gocmen H (2006) Residue contents of DDVP (Dichlorvos) and diazinon applied on cucumbers grown in greenhouses and their reduction by duration of a pre-harvest interval and post-harvest culinary applications. Food Chem 98:127–135
Connor AM, Luby JJ, Hancock JF, Berkheimer S, Hanson EJ (2002) Changes in fruit antioxidant activity among blueberry cultivars during cold temperature storage. J Agric Food Chem 50:893–898
Considine D (1982) Foods and food production encyclopedia. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp 542–550
Costat Program (1986) Costat statistical package for analysis of variance, version 2, Cohort Software, Minneapolis, MN, USA
Crumpton TL, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA (2000) Developmental neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos in vivo and in vitro: effects on nuclear transcription factor involved in cell replication and differentiation. Brain Res 857:87–98
Dam K, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA (2000) Chlorpyrifos exposure during a critical neonatal period elicits gender-selective deficits in the development of coordination skills and locomotor activity. Dev Brain Res 121:179–187
Dubois M, Gilles KA, Hamilton JK, Rebers PA, Smith F (1956) Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Analyt Chem 28:350–356
Ecobichon DJ (1996) Toxic effects of pesticides. In: Klaassen CD (ed) Casarett and Doull’s toxicology. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 643–698
Ekström G, Hemming H, Palborg M (1996) Swedish pesticide risk reduction 1985–1995: food residues, health hazard and reported poisoning. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 147:119–139
El-Saeid MH, Al-Dosari SA (2010) Monitoring of pesticide residues in Riyadh dates by SFE, MSE, SFE, GC techniques. Arab J Chem 3:179–186
Gao H, Cheng N, Zhou J, Wang BN, Deng JJ, Cao W (2011) Antioxidant activities and phenolic compounds of date plum persimmon (Diospyros lotus L.) fruits. J Food Sci Technol. doi:10.1007/s13197-011-0591-x
Glaze WH, Kang JW, Chapin DH (1987) The chemistry of water treatment processes involving ozone, hydrogen peroxide and ultraviolet radiation. Ozone Sci Eng 9:335–342
Guo A, Yang J, Wei J, Li Y, Xu J, Jaing Y (2003) Antioxidant activities of peel, pulp and seed fractions of common fruit as determined by FRAP assay. Nutr Res 23:1719–1726
Haag WR, Yao CC (1992) Rate constants for reaction of hydroxyl radicals with several drinking water contaminants. Environ Sci Technol 26:1005–1013
Hebert VR, Hoonhout C, Miller GC (2000) Use of stable tracer studies to evaluate pesticide photolysis at elevated temperatures. J Agric Food Chem 48:1916–1921
Heijman SGJ, Hopman R (1999) Activated carbon filtration in drinking water production: model prediction and new concepts. Colloid Surface A Physicochem Eng Aspect 151:303–310
Hwang JH, Myoung-Won K, Young-Hee K (1994) Effects of ethylene and Ca2+ on activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase in glucan treated Daucus carota. J Plant Biol 37:263–269
Ismail B, Haffar I, Baalbaki R, Henry J (2008) Physico-chemical characteristics and sensory quality of two date varieties under commercial and industrial storage conditions. LWT 41:896–904
Jones KC, Alcock RE, Johnoson DL, Nothcott GL, Semple KT, Woolgar PJ (1996) Organic chemicals in contaminated land: analysis, significances and research priorities. Land Contam Reclamat 3:189–197
Kalra SK, Jawanda JS (1974) Softening of doka dates by salt and acetic acid treatments. Punjab Hortic J 14:116–121
Knuth ML, Heinis LJ (1992) Dissipation and persistence of chlorpyrifos within littoral enclosures. J Agric Food Chem 40:1257–1263
Kosanić M, Ranković B, Vukojević J (2011) Antioxidant properties some lichen species. J Food Sci Technol 48(5):584–590
Kouloumbos VN, Tsipi DF, Hiskia AE, Nicolic D, van Breeman RB (2003) Identification photocatalytic degradation products of diazinon on TiO2 aqueous suspensions using GC/MS/MS and LC/MS with quadrupole time of-flight mass spectrometry. J Am Mass Spectrom 14:803–817
Krol WJ, Arsenault TL, Pylypiw HM, Mattina MJI (2000) Reduction of pesticide residues on produce by rinsing. J Agric Food Chem 48:4666–4670
Kulkarni SG, Vijayanand P, Shubha L (2010) Effect of processing of dates into date juice concentrate and appraisal of its quality characteristics. J Food Sci Technol 47(2):157–161
Kushi LH, Meyer KA, Jacobs DR Jr (1999) Cereals, legumes, and chronic disease risk reduction: evidence from epidemiological studies. Am J Clin Nutr 70:451S–458S
Laurila E, Ahvenainen R (2002) Minimal processing of fresh fruits and vegetables. In: Jongen W (ed) Fruit and vegetable processing. Woodhead Publishing Limited/CRC Press LLC, Cambridge, UK/Boca Raton, FL
Lee SR, Mourer CR, Shibamoto T (1991) Analysis before and after cooking processes of a trace chlorpyrifos spiked in polished rice. J Agric Food Chem 39:906–908
Liu YH, Liu Y, Chen ZS, Lian J, Huang X, Chung YC (2004) Purification and characterization of a novel organophosphorus pesticide hydrolase from penicillium lilacimum PB303. Enzym Microb Tech 34:297–303
Mansouri A, Embarek G, Kokkalou E, Kefalas P (2005) Phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of the Algerian ripe date palm fruit (Phoenix dactylifera). Food Chem 89:411–420
Ormad MP, Miguel N, Claver A, Matesanz JM, Ovelleiro JL (2008) Pesticides removal in the process of drinking water production. Chemosphere 71:97–106
Osman KA (1999) Lindane, chlorpyrifos and paraquat induced oxidative stress in female rats. Alex J Agric Res 44:345–355
Osman KA, Al-Rehiayani S (2003) Risk assessment of pesticide to human and the environment. Saudi J Biol Sci 10:81–106
Osman KA, Al-Rehiayani S, Al-Doghairi MA, Salama AK (2009) Bioremediation of oxamyl in sandy soil using animal manures. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 63:341–346
Pugliese P, Moltó JC, Damiania P, Marín R, Cossignania L, Mañes J (2004) Gas chromatographic evaluation of pesticide residue contents in nectarines after non-toxic washing treatments. J Chromatogr A 1050:185–191
Rigas F, Papadopoulou K, Dritsa V, Doulia D (2007) Bioremediation of a soil contaminated by lindane utilizing the fungus Ganoderma australe via response surface methodology. J Hazard Mater 140:325–332
Ritenour MA, Ahrens MJ, Saltveit ME (1995) Effects of temperature on ethylene-induced ammonia lyase activity and russet spotting in harvested iceberg lettuce. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 120:84–87
Saleem SA, Baloch AK, Baloch MK, Baloch WA, Ghaffoor A (2005) Accelerated ripening of Dhakki dates by artificial means: ripening by acetic acid and sodium chloride. J Food Eng 70:61–66
Sasidharan I, Menon AN (2011) Effects of temperature and solvent on antioxidant properties of curry leaf (Murraya koenigii L.). J Food Sci Technol 48(3):366–370
Schaefer CH, Dupras EF Jr (1970) Factors affecting the stability of Dursban in polluted waters. J Econ Entomol 63:701–705
Shamshiri MH, Rahemi M (1999) Effect of ethephon, sodium chloride and acetic acid on quality of Mazafati date fruits. Iran J Agr Sci 29:777–785
Sherrard RM, Bearr JS, Murray-Gulde CL, Rodgers JH Jr, Shah YT (2004) Feasibility of constructed wetlands for removing chlorothalonil and chlorpyrifos from aqueous mixtures. Environ Pollut 127:385–394
Singleton VL, Rossi JA Jr (1965) Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic–phosphotungstic acid reagents. Am J Enol Vitic 16:144–158
Song X, Violin JD, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA (1998) Modeling the developmental neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos in vitro: macromolecule synthesis in PC12 cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 151:182–191
Štanbaher D, Zupančič-Kralj L (2003) Multiresidue method for determination of 90 pesticides in fresh fruits and vegetables using solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1015:185–198
The Royal Society of Chemistry (1988) The agrochemical hand book, 2nd edn. RSC, Nottingam
Tomlin CDS (2002) The e-Pesticide manual, version 2.2. The British Crop Protection Council, Surrey, UK
Vayalil PK (2002) Antioxidant and antimutagenic properties of aqueous extract of date fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L. arecaceae). J Agr Food Chem 50:610–617
Wang QQ, Lemley AT (2002) Oxidation of diazinon by anodic Fenton treatment. Water Res 36:3237–3244
Wang H, Cao G, Prior RL (1996) Total antioxidant capacity of fruits. J Agr Food Chem 44:701–705
Wu C, Linden KG (2008) Degradation and byproduct formation of parathion in aqueous solutions by UV and UV/H2O2 treatment. Water Res 42:4780–4790
Zhang Z-Y, Liu X-J, Hong X-Y (2007) Effects of home preparation on pesticide residues in cabbage. Food Cont 18:1484–1487
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Osman, K.A., Al-Humaid, A.I., Al-Redhaiman, K.N. et al. Safety methods for chlorpyrifos removal from date fruits and its relation with sugars, phenolics and antioxidant capacity of fruits. J Food Sci Technol 51, 1762–1772 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-012-0693-0
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-012-0693-0