Abstract
Sun protection education is needed for kidney transplant recipients, whose increased risk of skin cancer could be ameliorated with sun protection. Cognitive interviews with 24 participants equally stratified among non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, and Hispanic/Latino kidney transplant recipients were performed to evaluate a sun protection education workbook. Study participants were recruited over the phone using a registry of 700 kidney transplant recipients. Participants included 12 women and 12 men with a median age of 52. In 16 of the cognitive interviews with non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanic/Latinos, pictures of skin cancer were requested by the participants in order to see the appearance of skin cancer. Kidney transplant recipients with skin of color did not consider themselves at risk to develop skin cancer and wanted to see examples of skin cancer occurring on people with skin of color. Based on these results, the workbook was modified to include pictures of squamous cell carcinoma on varying skin tones. Then, 8 participants evaluated the revised workbook in cognitive interviews and found the photographs acceptable and necessary to demonstrate the severity of skin cancer and personalize their risk of developing skin cancer. The participants progressed from having knowledge of skin cancer to believing that they could develop skin cancer because they observed skin cancers on people with their skin tone. Using pictures of skin cancers occurring on people with similar skin tone may heighten a kidney transplant recipients’ sense of vulnerability and possibly improve the use of sun protection.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
(2011) US Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network and the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients. Transplant year all organs. http://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov. Accessed February 10 2014
Buoy AG, Yoo S, Alam M, Ortiz S, West DP, Gordon EJ, Robinson JK (2010) Distribution of skin type and skin cancer in organ transplant recipients. Arch Dermatol 146:344–345
Deborah Kotz (2014) FDA campaign takes new angle to target teen smoking. Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/lifestyle/health/blogs/daily-dose/2014/02/04/fda-campaign-takes-new-angle-target-teen-smoking/kb3Exo8tkx4R8HBO2qe6fcJ/blog.htm. Accessed February 4 2014
Donovan RJ, Henley N (1997) Negative outcomes, threats and threat appeals; toward a conceptual framework for the study of fear and other emotions in social marketing. Soc Mark 4:56–57
Rigel DS, Robinson JK (1999) Skin cancer: in your face. BMJ 318:1564–1565
Robinson JK, Joshi KM, Ortiz S, Kundu RV (2011) Melanoma knowledge, perception, and awareness in ethnic minorities in Chicago: recommendations regarding education. Psychooncology 20:313–320
Agbai ON, Buster K, Sanchez M, Hernandez C, Kundu RV et al (2014) Skin cancer and photoprotection in people of color: a review and recommendations for physicians and the public. J Am Acad Dermatol 70:748–762
Ulrich C, Jürgensen JS, Degen A, Hackethal M, Ulrich M, Patel MJ et al (2009) Prevention of non-melanoma skin cancer in organ transplant patients by regular use of a sunscreen: a 24 months, prospective, case–control study. Br J Dermatol 161(suppl3):78–84
Ajzen I (1991) The theory of planned behavior. Org Behav Hum Decis Process 50:179
Clayman ML, Webb J, Zick A, Cameron KA, Rintamaki L, Makoul G (2009) Video review: an alternative to coding transcripts of focus groups. Comm Methods and Measures 3(4):216–222
Acknowledgments
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01646099
Conflict of Interest Notification
The authors have indicated no relationships to disclose relating to the content of this article.
Funding
Supported by R03 CA-159083 from the National Cancer Institute.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
All participants gave their informed consent prior to their inclusion in the study.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Guevara, Y., Gaber, R., Clayman, M.L. et al. Sun Protection Education for Diverse Audiences: Need for Skin Cancer Pictures. J Canc Educ 30, 187–189 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13187-014-0661-7
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13187-014-0661-7