Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Family Tylenchidae (Nematoda): an overview and perspectives

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Organisms Diversity & Evolution Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Nematodes in the Tylenchidae family are one of the most important soil-inhabiting species, yet little is known about this intriguing group. The present review examines newly collected samples of Tylenchidae from worldwide sources as well as slides from museum collections. Together with all available literature, detailed morphology among genera are summarized and compared, allowing us to explore the importance of each morphological character in a phylogenetic framework. An updated phylogeny inferred from concatenated 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA dataset is reconstructed; the results suggest that not all didelphic genera may be included in Tylenchidae. In fact, our analyses suggest Tylenchidae should be split into several families, although their phylogeny has not yet fully been resolved. Currently, the Tylenchidae family comprises 44 genera and 412 nominal species; however, diversity estimations for the group ranged from 2000 to 10,000 species, meaning that 75–95% of the species remains undiscovered. This is partially because the biased sampling in agro-ecosystems with most Tylenchidae may present in neglected habitats. Finally, we discussed current difficulties in morphology, taxonomy, and molecular phylogeny research of Tylenchidae and the need for multi-gene phylogeny or phylogenomic approaches to resolve the deep phylogeny in Tylenchidae.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

All data generated in the current study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

References

  • Anderson, F. E., Córdoba, A. J., & Thollesson, M. (2004). Bilaterian phylogeny based on analyses of a region of the sodium–potassium ATPase β-subunit gene. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 58, 252–268.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andrássy, I. (1976). Evolution as a basis for the systematization of nematodes. London: Pitman Publishing Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrássy, I. (1981). Genera and species of the family Tylenchidae Örley, 1880 (Nematoda). The genus Malenchus Andrassy, 1968. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 27, 1–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrássy, I. (1992). A short census of free-living nematodes. Fundamental and Applied Nematology, 15, 187–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrássy, I. (2005). Free-living nematodes of Hungary. Budapest, Hungary: Hungarian Natural History Museum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrássy, I. (2007). Free-living nematodes of Hungary, II (Nematoda errantia). Budapest, Hungary: Hungarian Natural History Museum and Systematic Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atighi, M. R., Pourjam, E., Pereira, T. J., Okhovvat, S. M., Alizada, B. A., Mundo-Ocampo, M., & Baldwin, J. G. (2013). Redescription of Filenchus annulatus (Siddiqui & Khan, 1983) Siddiqi, 1986 based on specimens from Iran with contributions to the molecular phylogeny of the Tylenchidae. Nematology, 15, 129–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin, J. G., Souza, R. M., & Dolinski, C. M. (2001). Fine structure and phylogenetic significance of a muscular basal bulb in Basiria gracilis Thorne, 1969 (Nematoda: Tylenchidae). Nematology, 3, 681–688.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bartels, P. J., Apodaca, J. J., Mora, C., & Nelson, D. R. (2016). A global biodiversity estimate of a poorly known taxon: phylum Tardigrada. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 178, 730–736.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bebber, D. P., Marriott, F. H. C., Gaston, K. J., Harris, S. A., & Scotland, R. W. (2007). Predicting unknown species numbers using discovery curves. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 274, 1651–1658.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bert, W., Claeys, M., & Borgonie, G. (2006). The comparative cellular architecture of the female gonoduct among Tylenchoidea (Nematoda: Tylenchina). Journal of Nematology, 38, 362.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bert, W., Leliaert, F., Vierstraete, A. R., Vanfleteren, J. R., & Borgonie, G. (2008). Molecular phylogeny of the Tylenchina and evolution of the female gonoduct (Nematoda: Rhabditida). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 48, 728–744.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bongers, T., & Bongers, M. (1998). Functional diversity of nematodes. Applied Soil Ecology, 10, 239–251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brzeski, M. W. (1998). Nematodes of Tylenchina in Poland and temperate Europe. Warsaw, Poland: Muzeum i Instytutu Zoologii, Polska Akademia Nauk (MiIZ PAN).

    Google Scholar 

  • Darriba, D., Taboada, G. L., Doallo, R., & Posada, D. (2012). jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing. Nature Methods, 9, 772–772.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • De Ley, P., & Blaxter, M. L. (2002). Systematic position and phylogeny. In D. L. Lee (Ed.), The biology of nematodes. London: Taylor & Francis.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Dolinski, C., Baldwin, J. G., & Thomas, W. K. (2001). Comparative survey of early embryogenesis of Secernentea (Nematoda), with phylogenetic implications. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 79, 82–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dover, G. (1982). Molecular drive: a cohesive mode of species evolution. Nature, 299, 111–117.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Erwin, T. L. (1982). Tropical forests: their richness in Coleoptera and other arthropod species. Coleopterists Bulletin, 36, 74–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferris, H., & Bongers, T. (2006). Nematode indicators of organic enrichment. Journal of Nematology, 38, 3.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Geraert, E. (2008). The Tylenchidae of the world: identification of the family Tylenchidae (Nematoda). Gent, Belgium: Academia Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geraert, E., & Raski, D. J. (1987). A reappraisal of Tylenchina (Nemata). 3. The family Tylenchidae Örley, 1880. Revue de Nématologie, 10, 143–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gowen, S. R. (1971). Tylenchus emarginatus and Tylenchorhynchus dubius associated with Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) seedlings. Plant Pathology, 20, 69–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hawksworth, D. L. (1991). The fungal dimension of biodiversity: magnitude, significance, and conservation. Mycological Research, 95, 641–655.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holterman, M., van der Wurff, A., van den Elsen, S., van Megen, H., Bongers, T., Holovachov, O., Bakker, J., & Helder, J. (2006). Phylum-wide analysis of SSU rDNA reveals deep phylogenetic relationships among nematodes and accelerated evolution toward crown clades. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 23, 1792–1800.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hooper, D. J. (1974). Cephalenchus emarginatus. CIH descriptions of plant-parasitic nematodes. 3, 1–2.

  • Jarvis, E. D., Mirarab, S., Aberer, A. J., Li, B., Houde, P., Li, C., Ho, S. Y. W., Faircloth, B. C., Nabholz, B., Howard, J. T., Suh, A., Weber, C. C., da Fonseca, R. R., Li, J., Zhang, F., Li, H., Zhou, L., Narula, N., Liu, L., Ganapathy, G., Boussau, B., Bayzid, M. S., Zavidovych, V., Subramanian, S., Gabaldon, T., Capella-Gutierrez, S., Huerta-Cepas, J., Rekepalli, B., Munch, K., Schierup, M., Lindow, B., Warren, W. C., Ray, D., Green, R. E., Bruford, M. W., Zhan, X., Dixon, A., Li, S., Li, N., Huang, Y., Derryberry, E. P., Bertelsen, M. F., Sheldon, F. H., Brumfield, R. T., Mello, C. V., Lovell, P. V., Wirthlin, M., Schneider, M. P. C., Prosdocimi, F., Samaniego, J. A., Velazquez, A. M. V., Alfaro-Nunez, A., Campos, P. F., Petersen, B., Sicheritz-Ponten, T., Pas, A., Bailey, T., Scofield, P., Bunce, M., Lambert, D. M., Zhou, Q., Perelman, P., Driskell, A. C., Shapiro, B., Xiong, Z., Zeng, Y., Liu, S., Li, Z., Liu, B., Wu, K., Xiao, J., Yinqi, X., Zheng, Q., Zhang, Y., Yang, H., Wang, J., Smeds, L., Rheindt, F. E., Braun, M., Fjeldsa, J., Orlando, L., Barker, F. K., Jonsson, K. A., Johnson, W., Koepfli, K. P., O'Brien, S., Haussler, D., Ryder, O. A., Rahbek, C., Willerslev, E., Graves, G. R., Glenn, T. C., McCormack, J., Burt, D., Ellegren, H., Alstrom, P., Edwards, S. V., Stamatakis, A., Mindell, D. P., Cracraft, J., Braun, E. L., Warnow, T., Jun, W., Gilbert, M. T. P., & Zhang, G. (2014). Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds. Science, 346, 1320–1331.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Katoh, K., & Standley, D. M. (2013). MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 30, 772–780.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Khera, S., & Zuckerman, B. M. (1963). In vitro studies of host-parasite relationships of some plant-parasitic nematodes. Nematologica, 9, 1–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, H., & Lee, S. (2008). A molecular phylogeny of the tribe Aphidini (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aphididae) based on the mitochondrial tRNA/COII, 12S/16S and the nuclear EF1α genes. Systematic Entomology, 33, 711–721.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luc, M., Maggenti, A. R., Fortuner, R., Raski, D. J., & Geraert, E. (1987). A reappraisal of Tylenchina (Nemata) 1. For a new approach to the taxonomy of Tylenchina. Revue de Nématologie, 10, 127–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maggenti, A. R., Luc, M., Raski, D. J., Fortuner, R., & Geraert, E. (1987). A reappraisal of Tylenchina (Nemata). 2. Classification of the suborder Tylenchina (Nemata: Diplogasteria). Revue de Nématologie, 10, 135–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • May, R. M. (1988). How many species are there on earth? Science, 241, 1441–1449.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, M., Pfeiffer, W., & Schwartz, T.. (2010). Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE), 2010. IEEE.

  • Mora, C., Tittensor, D. P., Adl, S., Simpson, A. G. B., & Worm, B. (2011). How many species are there on Earth and in the ocean? PLoS Biology, 9, e1001127.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ni, J., Yan, Q., & Yu, Y. (2013). How much metagenomic sequencing is enough to achieve a given goal? Scientific Reports, 3, 1968.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nyaku, S. T., Sripathi, V. R., Kantety, R. V., Gu, Y. Q., Lawrence, K., & Sharma, G. C. (2013). Characterization of the two intra-individual sequence variants in the 18S rRNA gene in the plant parasitic nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis. PLoS One, 8, e60891.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Okada, H., Tsukiboshi, T., & Kadota, I. (2002). Mycetophagy in Filenchus misellus (Andrassy, 1958) Lownsbery & Lownsbery, 1985 (Nematoda: Tylenchidae), with notes on its morphology. Nematology, 4, 795–801.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Okada, H., Harada, H., & Kadota, I. (2005). Fungal-feeding habits of six nematode isolates in the genus Filenchus. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 37, 1113–1120.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Örley, L. (1880). Az anguillulidák magánrajza (Monographie der Anguilluliden). Természetrajzi Füzetek Budapest, 4, 16–150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palomares-Rius, J. E., Cantalapiedra-Navarrete, C., & Castillo, P. (2014). Cryptic species in plant-parasitic nematodes. Nematology, 16, 1105–1118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Panahandeh, Y., Pourjam, E., Aliramaji, F., Atighi, M. R., & Pedram, M. (2015a). First record of three known species of the family Tylenchidae Örley, 1880 (Nematoda: Tylenchina) from Iran with new morphological and molecular data. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 17, 1903–1918.

    Google Scholar 

  • Panahandeh, Y., Pourjam, E., Aliramaji, F., & Pedram, M. (2015b). Data on some members of the family Tylenchidae (Nematoda: Tylenchina) from Iran. Biologia, 70, 1376–1387.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paps, J., Baguñà, J., & Riutort, M. (2009). Bilaterian phylogeny: a broad sampling of 13 nuclear genes provides a new Lophotrochozoa phylogeny and supports a paraphyletic basal Acoelomorpha. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 26, 2397–2406.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Park, J. K., Sultana, T., Lee, S. H., Kang, S., Kim, H. K., Min, G. S., Eom, K. S., & Nadler, S. A. (2011). Monophyly of clade III nematodes is not supported by phylogenetic analysis of complete mitochondrial genome sequences. BMC Genomics, 12, 392.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pereira, T. J., & Baldwin, J. G. (2016). Contrasting evolutionary patterns of 28S and ITS rRNA genes reveal high intragenomic variation in Cephalenchus (Nematoda): implications for species delimitation. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 98, 244–260.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pereira, T. J., Qing, X., Chang, K.-F., Mundo-Ocampo, M., Cares, J. E., Ragsdale, E. J., Nguyen, C. N., & Baldwin, J. G. (2017). Phylogeny and biogeography of the genus Cephalenchus (Tylenchomorpha, Nematoda). Zoologica Scripta, 46, 506–520.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Porazinska, D. L., Giblin-Davis, R. M., Esquivel, A., Powers, T. O., Sung, W. A. Y., & Thomas, W. K. (2010). Ecometagenetics confirm high tropical rainforest nematode diversity. Molecular Ecology, 19, 5521–5530.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Porazinska, D. L., Giblin-Davis, R. M., Powers, T. O., & Thomas, W. K. (2012). Nematode spatial and ecological patterns from tropical and temperate rainforests. PLoS One, 7, e44641.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Qiao, K., Bai, M., Wang, Q., et al. (2018). Unexpected rDNA divergence between two morphologically minimalistic nematodes with description of a new species (Tylenchomorpha: Tylenchidae). Nematology, 21, 57–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qing, X., & Bert, W. (2017). Redefinition of genus Malenchus Andrássy, 1968 (Tylenchomorpha: Tylenchidae) with additional data on ecology. Journal of Nematology, 49, 189–206.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Qing, X., & Bert, W. (2018). 3D printing in zoological systematics: integrative taxonomy of Labrys chinensis gen. nov., sp. nov. (Nematoda: Tylenchomorpha). Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 56, 35–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qing, X., Bert, W., Steel, H., Quisado, J., & De Ley, I. T. (2015). Soil and litter nematode diversity of Mount Hamiguitan, the Philippines, with description of Bicirronema hamiguitanense n. sp. (Rhabditida: Bicirronematidae). Nematology, 17, 325–344.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qing, X., Sánchez-Monge, A., Janssen, T., Couvreur, M., & Bert, W. (2016). Description of Malenchus sexlineatus n. sp., new records of three known species of Malenchus Andrássy, 1968 (Nematoda: Tylenchidae) and notes on amphideal aperture development. Nematology, 18, 155–174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qing, X., Decraemer, W., Claeys, M., & Bert, W. (2017). Molecular phylogeny of Malenchus and Filenchus (Nematoda: Tylenchidae). Zoologica Scripta, 46, 625–636.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qing, X., Pereira, T. J., Slos, D., Couvreur, M., & Bert, W. (2018). A new species of Malenchus (Nematoda: Tylenchomorpha) with an updated phylogeny of the Tylenchidae. Nematology, 20, 815–836.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raski, D. J., & Maggenti, A. R. (1983). Tylenchidae: morphological diversity in a natural, evolutionary group. In A. R. Stone, H. M. Platt, & L. F. Khalil (Eds.), Concepts in nematode systematics. London & New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ronquist, F., & Huelsenbeck, J. P. (2003). MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics, 19, 1572–1574.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ryss, A. Y. (1993). Phylogeny of the order Tylenchida (Nematoda). Russian Journal of Nematology, 1, 74–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seinhorst, J. (1962). On the killing, fixation and transferring to glycerin of nematodes. Nematologica, 8, 29–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shultz, J. W., & Regier, J. C. (2000). Phylogenetic analysis of arthropods using two nuclear protein-encoding genes supports a crustacean + hexapod clade. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 267, 1011–1019.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siddiqi, M. R. (1986). Tylenchida: parasites of plants and insects. London, UK: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siddiqi, M. R. (2000). Tylenchida: parasites of plants and insects. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Siddiqi, M. R., & Hawksworth, D. L. (1982). Nematodes associated with galls on Cladonia glauca, including two new species. The Lichenologist, 14, 175–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stamatakis, A., Hoover, P., & Rougemont, J. (2008). A rapid bootstrap algorithm for the RAxML web servers. Systematic Biology, 57, 758–771.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Subbotin, S. A., Vovlas, N., Crozzoli, R., Sturhan, D., Lamberti, F., Moens, M., & Baldwin, J. G. (2005). Phylogeny of Criconematina Siddiqi, 1980 (Nematoda: Tylenchida) based on morphology and D2-D3 expansion segments of the 28S-rRNA gene sequences with application of a secondary structure model. Nematology, 7, 927–944.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Subbotin, S. A., Sturhan, D., Chizhov, V. N., Vovlas, N., & Baldwin, J. G. (2006). Phylogenetic analysis of Tylenchida Thorne, 1949 as inferred from D2 and D3 expansion fragments of the 28S rRNA gene sequences. Nematology, 8, 455–474.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Subbotin, S. A., Sturhan, D., Vovlas, N., Castillo, P., Tambe, J. T., Moens, M., & Baldwin, J. G. (2007). Application of the secondary structure model of rRNA for phylogeny: D2–D3 expansion segments of the LSU gene of plant-parasitic nematodes from the family Hoplolaimidae Filipjev, 1934. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 43, 881–890.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Subbotin, S. A., Ragsdale, E. J., Mullens, T., Roberts, P. A., Mundo-Ocampo, M., & Baldwin, J. G. (2008). A phylogenetic framework for root lesion nematodes of the genus Pratylenchus (Nematoda): evidence from 18S and D2–D3 expansion segments of 28S ribosomal RNA genes and morphological characters. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 48, 491–505.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Subbotin, S. A., Inserra, R. N., Marais, M., Mullin, P., Powers, T. O., Roberts, P. A., et al. (2011). Diversity and phylogenetic relationships within the spiral nematodes of Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945 (Tylenchida: Hoplolaimidae) as inferred from analysis of the D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rRNA gene sequences. Nematology, 13, 333–345.

  • Sutherland, J. R. (1967). Parasitism of Tylenchus emarginatus on conifer seedling roots and some observations on the biology of the nematode. Nematologica, 13, 191–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Den Berg, E., Palomares-Rius, J. E., Vovlas, N., Tiedt, L. R., Castillo, P., & Subbotin, S. A. (2016). Morphological and molecular characterisation of one new and several known species of the reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus Linford & Oliveira, 1940 (Hoplolaimidae: Rotylenchulinae), and a phylogeny of the genus. Nematology, 18, 67–107.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van Megen, H., van den Elsen, S., Holterman, M., Karssen, G., Mooyman, P., Bongers, T., Holovachov, O.V., Bakker, J., & Helder, J. (2009). A phylogenetic tree of nematodes based on about 1200 full-length small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences. Nematology, 11, 927–950.

  • Wood, F. H. (1973). Cephalenchus tahus n. sp. and the identity of New Zealand populations of Aglenchus costatus (Nematoda: Tylenchidae). New Zealand Journal of Science, 16, 669–676.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yaghoubi, A., Pourjam, E., Atighi, M. R., & Pedram, M. (2015). Description of Atetylenchus minor n. sp. (Tylenchina: Tylenchidae) and data on two other species of the family. Nematology, 17, 981–994.

  • Yaghoubi, A., Pourjam, E., Alvarez-Ortega, S., Liebanas, G., Atighi, M. R., & Pedram, M. (2016). Discopersicus n. gen., a new member of the family Tylenchidae Örley, 1880 with detailed SEM study on two known species of the genus Discotylenchus Siddiqi, 1980 (Nematoda; Tylenchidae) from Iran. Journal of Nematology, 48, 214–221.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yeates, G. W. (2003). Nematodes as soil indicators: functional and biodiversity aspects. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 37, 199–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yeates, G. W., & Bird, A. F. (1994). Some observations on the influence of agricultural practices on the nematode faunae of some South Australian soils. Fundamental and Applied Nematology, 17, 133–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoshiga, T., Kuwata, R., Takai, H., & Nishimura, K. (2014). Heterogeneity of the large subunit of ribosomal RNA gene sequences in a Halicephalobus gingivalis isolate. Nematology, 16, 1233–1236.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yurchenko, V. Y., Lukeš, J., Jirku, M., Zeledón, R., & Maslov, D. A. (2006). Leptomonas costaricensis sp. n. (Kinetoplastea: Trypanosomatidae), a member of the novel phylogenetic group of insect trypanosomatids closely related to the genus Leishmania. Parasitology, 133, 537–546.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Nematology Research Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium

    Xue Qing & Wim Bert

Authors
  1. Xue Qing
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Wim Bert
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Xue Qing.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Electronic supplementary material

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Qing, X., Bert, W. Family Tylenchidae (Nematoda): an overview and perspectives. Org Divers Evol 19, 391–408 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-019-00404-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-019-00404-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation