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Bilaterian Phylogeny Based on Analyses of a Region of the Sodium–Potassium ATPase β-Subunit Gene

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Abstract

Molecular investigations of deep-level relationships within and among the animal phyla have been hampered by a lack of slowly evolving genes that are amenable to study by molecular systematists. To provide new data for use in deep-level metazoan phylogenetic studies, primers were developed to amplify a 1.3-kb region of the α subunit of the nuclear-encoded sodium–potassium ATPase gene from 31 bilaterians representing several phyla. Maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian analyses of these sequences (combined with ATPase sequences for 23 taxa downloaded from GenBank) yield congruent trees that corroborate recent findings based on analyses of other data sets (e.g., the 18S ribosomal RNA gene). The ATPase-based trees support monophyly for several clades (including Lophotrochozoa, a form of Ecdysozoa, Vertebrata, Mollusca, Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Arachnida, Hexapoda, Coleoptera, and Diptera) but do not support monophyly for Deuterostomia, Arthropoda, or Nemertea. Parametric bootstrapping tests reject monophyly for Arthropoda and Nemertea but are unable to reject deuterostome monophyly. Overall, the sodium–potassium ATPase α-subunit gene appears to be useful for deep-level studies of metazoan phylogeny.

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Acknowledgements

The initial phases of this work were performed while F.E.A. and M.T. were postdoctoral fellows in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology working at the Laboratory of Molecular Systematics at the National Museum of Natural History. We would like to thank Jon Norenburg and David Swofford for supporting and assisting this research. We would also like to thank Chris Huddleston and Lynn Atkinson for assistance with various aspects of this work; Allison Gong, Doug Eernisse, Cheryl Dean, and Kerstin Wasson for assistance with specimen collection; Peter Foster and the Natural History Museum (London) for access to computational facilities; the SIUC Office of Research Development and Administration and Department of Zoology for financial assistance; and Natalie Heck and two anonymous reviewers for comments on the manuscript. Species identifications and confirmations were performed by David A. Nickle (Research Entomologist, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agriculture Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture) for Doru lineare, Natalia J. Vandenberg (Entomologist, USDA Systematic Entomology Laboratory) for Harmonia axyridis, and Joseph Beatty (Emeritus Professor of Zoology, SIUC) for Scolopocryptops sexspinosa. This work was supported in part by NSF Grant DEB-0235794 to F.E.A.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Molecular Systematics, Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, 4210 Silver Hill Road, Suitland, MD 20746, USA

    Frank E. Anderson & Mikael Thollesson

  2. Department of Zoology and Center for Systematic Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA

    Frank E. Anderson & Alonso J. Córdoba

  3. Department of Molecular Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, and Linnaeus Centre for Bioinformatics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18C, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden

    Mikael Thollesson

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  1. Frank E. Anderson
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  2. Alonso J. Córdoba
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  3. Mikael Thollesson
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Correspondence to Frank E. Anderson.

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Anderson, F.E., Córdoba, A.J. & Thollesson, M. Bilaterian Phylogeny Based on Analyses of a Region of the Sodium–Potassium ATPase β-Subunit Gene . J Mol Evol 58, 252–268 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00239-003-2548-9

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