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Climatic niche evolution in the Andean genus Menonvillea (Cremolobeae: Brassicaceae)

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Abstract

The study of how climatic niches change over evolutionary time has recently attracted the interest of many researchers. Different methodologies have been employed principally to analyze the temporal dynamics of the niche and specially to test for the presence of phylogenetic niche conservatism. Menonvillea, a genus of Brassicaceae including 24 species, is distributed primarily along the Andes of Argentina and Chile, with some taxa growing in southern Patagonia and others in the Atacama Desert and the Chilean Matorral. The genus is highly diversified morphologically but also presents a remarkably wide ecological range, growing from the high Andean elevations, to the dry coastal deserts in Chile, or the Patagonia Steppe in Argentina. In this study, we used molecular phylogenies together with climatic data to study climatic niche evolution in the genus. The results show that the main climatic niche shifts in Menonvillea occurred between the sections Cuneata-Scapigera and sect. Menonvillea throughout the Mid-Late Miocene, and associated with the two main geographical distribution centers of the genus: the highlands of the central-southern Andes and the Atacama Desert-Chilean Matorral, respectively. Climatic niches in these lineages were mainly differentiated by the aridity and potential evapotranspiration, the minimum temperatures of the coldest month, and the temperature annual range and seasonality. Niche evolution in Menonvillea deviated from a Brownian motion process, with most of the climatic dimension best-fitting to an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model of multiple adaptive peaks. Our results also indicated that higher aridity levels and lower annual temperature ranges were associated with the evolution of the annual habit, as exemplified by the distribution of sect. Menonvillea. Finally, the results suggested that climatic niche evolution in Menonvillea exhibited some degree of phylogenetic niche conservatism, fundamentally within the two main lineages (sect. Menonvillea and sects. Cuneata-Scapigera).

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Acknowledgments

This work was funded by ANPCyT (Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica) grant PICT-2013-1042, CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas) grants D4541-12 and PIP-112-201301-00124CO, and the National Geographic Society grant #9398-13, for which we are profoundly grateful. Fieldwork and visits to herbaria were also supported by the Myndel Botanical Foundation grants 2011 and 2012. Our deep gratitude goes to Dr. Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz for the critical review of this work and his valuable support, guidance, and suggestions in the study of South American Brassicaceae over the years. We thank Fabiana Cantarell for the help in the processing of the collection permits for the National Parks of Argentina (APN project No. 1103), and the directors, curators, and collection managers of the herbaria listed.

Data archiving

Data used in this paper are archived in TreeBase (http://purl.org/phylo/treebase/phylows/study/TB2:S18952) and Dryad (doi:10.5061/dryad.c5271).

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  1. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion (CONICET–ANCEFN), Labardén 200, Casilla de Correo 22, B1642HYD, San Isidro, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Diego L. Salariato & Fernando O. Zuloaga

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  1. Diego L. Salariato
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  2. Fernando O. Zuloaga
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Correspondence to Diego L. Salariato.

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Fig. S1

Values for the main variables associated to the first five principal components in the studied area. A. PC1: Potential Evapo-transpiration (PET) and Aridity index (IA). B. Min Temperature of Coldest Month (BIO6), Altitude (ALT). C. PC3: Precipitation Seasonality (BIO15), Isothermality (BIO3). D. PC4: Temperature Annual Range (BIO7), Temperature Seasonality (BIO4). E. PC5: Mean Temperature of Driest Quarter (BIO9), Precipitation of Warmest Quarter (BIO18). F. Distribution of Menonvillea in South America and studied area represents by the minimum convex polygons. Red, black, and blue dots correspond to species of sects. Cuneata, Scapigera, and Menonvillea, respectively. (PDF 1780 kb)

Fig. S2

Climatic niche of Menonvillea species included in sects. Cuneata and Scapigera, produced by the two main axes of the PCA-env. For each section, the grey-to-black shading represents the grid cell density of the species occurrence (black being the highest density). The first dashed line represents the 50 % of the available environment and the solid line represents the 100 %. Lower three taxa are included in the sect. Scapigera, the remaining species belong to sect. Cuneata. (PDF 356 kb)

Fig. S3

Climatic niche of Menonvillea species included in sect. Menonvillea, produced by the two main axes of the PCA-env. For each section, the grey-to-black shading represents the grid cell density of the species occurrence (black being the highest density). The first dashed line represents the 50 % of the available environment and the solid line represents the 100 %. (PDF 297 kb)

Fig. S4

Predicted suitable climatic conditions (logistic output) from the MaxEnt model for species included in Menonvillea sects. Cuneata and Scapigera using the five first principal components as climatic variables. (PDF 642 kb)

Fig. S5

Predicted suitable climatic conditions (logistic output) from the MaxEnt model for species included in Menonvillea sect. Menonvillea using the five first principal components as climatic variables. (PDF 478 kb)

Fig. S6

Maximum clade credibility tree (MCCT) estimated from nuclear ribosomal ITS and three chloroplast DNA regions (trnL-F, trnH-psbA, rps16 intron) using the concatenated method implemented in BEAST, uncorrelated log-normal relaxed clock model, and two secondary calibrations under normal prior distributions. Shaded horizontal bars show the 95 % highest posterior densities of divergence times and stars indicate nodes used for secondary calibration. Bayesian posterior support values >50 % are given at each node. (PDF 31 kb)

Fig. S7

Ancestral state reconstructions of main climatic PCs for Menonvillea. X-axis represents divergence times (My) and the y-axis represents the reconstructed character values based on PC scores. Species of sects. Cuneata, Scapigera, and Menonvillea are colored in red, green, and blue, respectively. (PDF 51 kb)

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Salariato, D.L., Zuloaga, F.O. Climatic niche evolution in the Andean genus Menonvillea (Cremolobeae: Brassicaceae). Org Divers Evol 17, 11–28 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-016-0291-5

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