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On 20 years of Lophotrochozoa

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Abstract

Lophotrochozoa is a protostome clade that includes disparate animals such as molluscs, annelids, bryozoans, and flatworms, giving it the distinction of including the most body plans of any of the three major clades of Bilateria. This extreme morphological disparity has prompted numerous conflicting phylogenetic hypotheses about relationships among lophotrochozoan phyla. Here, I review the current understanding of lophotrochozoan phylogeny with emphasis on recent insights gained through approaches taking advantage of high-throughput DNA sequencing (phylogenomics). Of significance, Platyzoa, a hypothesized clade of mostly small-bodied animals, appears to be an artifact of long-branch attraction. Recent studies recovered Gnathifera (Syndermata, Gnathostomulida, and Micrognathozoa) sister to all other lophotrochozoans and a clade called Rouphozoa (Platyhelminthes and Gastrotricha) sister to the remaining non-gnathiferan lophotrochozoans. Although Bryozoa was traditionally grouped with Brachiopoda and Phoronida (Lophophorata), most molecular studies have supported a clade including Entoprocta, Cycliophora, and Bryozoa (Polyzoa). However, recent phylogenomic work has shown that entoprocts and bryozoans have compositionally heterogeneous genomes that may cause systematic artifacts affecting their phylogenetic placement. Lastly, relationships within Trochozoa (Mollusca, Annelida, and relatives) largely remain ambiguous. Recent work has shown that phylogenomic studies must identify and reduce sources of systematic error, such as amino acid compositional heterogeneity and long-branch attraction. Still, other approaches such as the analysis of rare genomic changes may be needed to overcome challenges to standard phylogenomic approaches. Resolving lophotrochozoan phylogeny will provide important insight into how these complex and diverse body plans evolved and provide a much-needed framework for comparative studies.

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Acknowledgments

I thank Andreas Wanninger for inviting me to contribute this paper to this special issue celebrating the first 20 years of the “New Animal Phylogeny.” I thank two anonymous reviewers and Nagayasu Nakanishi who provided comments and suggestions that substantially helped improve this manuscript. I thank Leonid Moroz for photographing mesozoans we collected in Antarctica. Animal images in Fig. 1 were downloaded without modification from PhyloPic.org under a creative commons license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/). This work was supported by a U.S. National Science Foundation International Postdoctoral Research Fellowship (DBI-1306538).

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  1. Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, 307 Mary Harmon Bryant Hall, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA

    Kevin M. Kocot

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Correspondence to Kevin M. Kocot.

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This article is part of the Special Issue The new animal phylogeny: The first 20 years.

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Kocot, K.M. On 20 years of Lophotrochozoa. Org Divers Evol 16, 329–343 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-015-0261-3

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