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Plasticity of Cerebrovascular Smooth Muscle Cells After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

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Abstract

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is most often followed by a delayed phase of cerebral ischemia which is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. The causes underlying this delayed phase are still unsettled, but are believed to include cerebral vasospasm, cortical spreading depression, inflammatory reactions, and microthrombosis. Additionally, a large body of evidence indicates that vascular plasticity plays an important role in SAH pathophysiology, and this review aims to summarize our current knowledge on the phenotypic changes of vascular smooth muscle cells of the cerebral vasculature following SAH. In light of the emerging view that the whole cerebral vasculature and the cells of the brain parenchyma should be viewed as one integrated neurovascular network, phenotypical changes are discussed both for the cerebral arteries and the microvasculature. Furthermore, the intracellular signaling involved in the vascular plasticity is discussed with a focus on the Raf–MEK1/2–ERK1/2 pathway which seems to play a crucial role in SAH pathology.

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Notes

  1. Litterature search strategy and selection criteria: Medline and PubMed were searched for papers in English with the following search terms: cerebral arterioles AND SAH, cerebral arterioles AND SAH AND vasoconstrictor, microvessel AND SAH, microvessel AND SAH AND vasoconstrictor, SAH AND SMC AND vasoconstrictor, SAH AND inflammation AND SMC. The last search was performed on October 14, 2013.

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Acknowledgments

The financial support to L.E. from the Swedish Research Council (grant no 5958), the Swedish Heart and Lung Foundation, and the Lundbeck Foundation is gratefully acknowledged.

Conflict of Interest

The authors, Lars Edvinsson, Stine Schmidt Larsen, Aida Maddahi, and Janne Nielsen declare no conflicts of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark

    Lars Edvinsson, Stine Schmidt Larsen & Janne Nielsen

  2. Experimental Vascular Research, Department of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 221 85, Lund, Sweden

    Lars Edvinsson & Aida Maddahi

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  1. Lars Edvinsson
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  2. Stine Schmidt Larsen
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Correspondence to Lars Edvinsson.

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Edvinsson, L., Larsen, S.S., Maddahi, A. et al. Plasticity of Cerebrovascular Smooth Muscle Cells After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Transl. Stroke Res. 5, 365–376 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12975-014-0331-4

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