Abstract
Generation, migration, and distribution of H+ and OH− have remarkable influence on heavy metal removal from soil during electrokinetic remediation. A series of experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of electrode configuration and voltage on pH distribution and heavy metal migration, based on the preliminary exploratory experiments. In the first phase, three soil samples were used to observe the effect of electrode configuration on pH distribution. Then, three more soil samples were used to explore the effect of voltage on ion migration. Finally, three other soil samples were used to explore the effect of electrode configuration (i.e. angle CAC) on pH distribution and heavy metal migration. The results showed that the soil was divided into acid, base, and pH-jump zones and that heavy metals migrated under low pH conditions and were deposited at the pH-jump zone. Heavy metal distribution was fairly consistent with pH distribution. Under the optimal condition of \( \angle \)CAC 60º and voltage 2.33 V/cm, 4.22 mg copper and 0.51 mg zinc migrated from acid zone and deposited in pH-jump zone with 6.44 kJ energy consumption.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Acar YB, Alshawabkeh AN (1993) Principles of electrokinetic remediation. Environ Sci Technol 27:2638–2647
Acar YB, Gale RJ, Alshakabkeh AN, Marks RE, Puppala S, Bricka M, Parker MR (1995) Electrokinetic remediation: basics and technology status. J Hazard Mater 40:117–137
Al-hamdan AZ, Reddy KR (2008) Transient behavior of heavy metals in soils during electrokinetic remediation. Chemosphere 71:860–871
Almeira J, Peng CS, Wang ZY (2009) Effect of different electrode configurations on the migration of copper ions during the electrokinetic remediation process. Asia-Pac J Chem Eng 4:581–585
Almeira J, Peng CS, Li PP (2010) Effect of electrode configuration on the distribution of Cu during electrokinetic soil remediation. J Korean Soc Urban Environ 10:169–177
Bermea OM, Alvarez EH, Hernandez GG, Romero F (2009) Assessment of heavy metal pollution in urban topsoils from the metropolitan area of Mexico city. J Geochem Explor 101:218–224
Chen T, Zheng Y, Lei M, Huang Z, Wu H, Chen H, Fan K, Yu K, Wu X, Tian Q (2005) Assessment of heavy metal pollution in surface soils of urban parks in Beijing, China. Chemosphere 60:542–551
Frangi JP, Richard D (1997) Heavy metal soil pollution cartography in northern France. Sci Total Environ 205:71–79
Gent DB, Bricka RM, Alshawabkeh AN, Larson SL, Fabian G, Granade S (2004) Bench-and field-scale evaluation of chromium and cadmium extraction by electrokinetics. J Hazard Mater 110:53–62
Giannis A, Gidarakos E (2005) Washing enhanced electrokinetic remediation for removal cadmium for real contaminated soil. J Hazard Mater B123:165–175
Hao X, Zhou D, Huang D, Cang L, Zhang H, Wang H (2009) Heavy metal transfer from soil to vegetable in southern Jiangsu Province, China. Pedosphere 19:305–311
Jung MC, Thornton I (1996) Heavy metal contamination of soils and plants in the vicinity of a lead-zinc mine, Korea. Appl Geochem 11:53–59
Kasassi A, Rakimbei P, Karagiannidis A, Zabaniotou A, Tsiouvaras K, Nastis A, Tzafeifopoulou K (2008) Soil contamination by heavy metals: measurements from a closed unlined landfill. Bioresour Technol 99:8578–8584
Kelsh DJ, Parsons MW (1997) Department of energy sites suitable for electrokinetic remediation. J Hazard Mater 55:109–116
Lee H, Yang J (2000) A new method to control electrolytes pH by circulation system in electrokinetic soil remediation. J Hazard Mater B 77:227–240
Li Z, Yu J, Neretnieks I (1996) A new approach to electrokinetic remediation of soils polluted by heavy metals. J Contam Hydrol 22:241–253
Li X, Poon C, Liu P (2001) Heavy metal contamination of urban soils and street dusts in Hongkong. Appl Geochem 16:1361–1368
Li M, Luo Y, Su Z (2007) Heavy metal concentrations in soils and plant accumulation in a restored manganese mineland in Guangxi, South China. Environ Pollut 147:168–175
Lynch RJ, Muntoni A, Ruggeri R, Winfield KC (2007) Preliminary tests of an electrokinetic barrier to prevent heavy metal pollution of soils. Electrochem Acta 52:3432–3440
Peng C, Meng H, Zhang J, Lu S (2003) Treatment of electroplating wastewater. J Univ Sci Technol B10:8–11
Peters RW (1999) Chelant extraction of heavy metals from contaminated soils. J Hazard Mater 66:151–210
Puppala SK, Alshawabkeh AN, Acar YB, Gale RJ, Bricka M (1997) Enhanced electrokinetic remediation of high sorption capacity soils. J Hazard Mater 55:203–220
Sawada A, Tanaka S, Fukushima M, Tatsumi K (2003) Electrokinetic remediation of clayey soils containing copper(II)-oxinate using humic acid as a surfactant. J Hazard Mater B 96:145–154
Shen Z, Chen X, Jia J, Qu L, Wang W (2007) Comparison of electrokinetic soil remediation methods using one fixed anode and approaching anodes. Environ Pollut 150:193–199
Turera D, Genc A (2005) Assessing effect of electrode configuration on the efficiency of electrokinetic remediation by sequential extraction analysis. J Hazard Mater B 119:167–174
Verner JF, Ramsey MH (1996) Heavy metal contamination of soils around a Pb-Zn smelter in Bukowno, Poland. Appl Geochem 11:11–16
Virkutyte J, Sillanpää M, Latostenmaa P (2002) Electrokinetic soil remediation-critical overview. Sci Total Environ 289:97–121
Yuan C, Chiang T (2008) Enhancement of electrokinetic remediation of arsenic spiked soil by chemical reagents. J Hazard Mater 152:309–315
Zhou D, Deng C, Cang L, Alshawabkeh AN (2005) Electrokinetic remediation of a Cu–Zn contaminated red soil by controlling the voltage and conditioning catholyte pH. Chemosphere 61:519–527
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Cultivation Fund of the Key Scientific and Technical Innovation Project, Ministry of Education of China (NO. 708060), Special Funds for Environmental Nonprofit Research Project (200809095) and the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University, SEM, China (NCET-08-0508).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Peng, C., Almeira, J.O. & Gu, Q. Effect of electrode configuration on pH distribution and heavy metal ions migration during soil electrokinetic remediation. Environ Earth Sci 69, 257–265 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-012-1953-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-012-1953-z