Abstract
Since the production of tinplate with non-earing properties is difficult, especially when it is produced via the double-reduction process, the optimal degree of second cold reduction is particularly important for achieving desirable drawing properties. The evolution of texture and the earing propensity of double-reduction tinplate with different extents of second reduction were investigated in this study. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to observe the changes in the microstructure at various extents of reduction. Two common testing methods, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron backscatter diffraction, were used to investigate the texture of the specimens, which revealed the effects of deformation percentage on the final texture development and the change in the grain boundary. The earing rate was determined via earing tests involving measurement of the height of any ear. The results obtained from both XRD analyses and earing tests revealed the same ideal value for the second cold reduction on the basis of the relationship between crystallographic texture and the degree of earing.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
E. Spišák, J. Slota, T. Kvačkaj, and A. Bobenič, The influence of tandem mill reduction on double reduced (DR) tinplates anisotropy, Metalurgija, 45(2006), No. 1, p. 45.
H.M. Alworth, J.T. Michalak, and S.A. Shei, The effects of second cold reduction on the plastic anisotropy, crystallographic texture and earing behavior of DR-9 Tin-Mill product, J. Appl. Metalwork., 4(1987), No. 4, p. 327.
J. Asensio, G. Romano, V.J. Martinez, J.I. Verdeja, and J.A. Pero-Sanz, Ferritic steels: Optimization of hot-rolled textures through cold rolling and annealing, Mater. Charact., 47(2001), No. 2, p. 119.
W.B. Hutchinson, Development and control of annealing textures in low-carbon steels, Int. Met. Rev., 29(1984), No. 1, p. 25.
A. Ghosh, P. Modak, R. Dutta, and D. Chakrabarti, Effect of MnS inclusion and crystallographic texture on anisotropy in Charpy impact toughness of low carbon ferritic steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 654(2015), p. 298.
Y.J. Li, P. Choi, C. Borchers, S. Westerkamp, S. Gotoc, D. Raabe, and R. Kirchheim, Atomic-scale mechanisms of deformation-induced cementite decomposition in pearlite, Acta Mater., 59(2011), No. 10, p. 3965.
X. Zhao, Cold Deformation and Dissolving Mechanism of Cementite in Steel [Dissertation], Yanshan University, 2014.
R.K. Ray, J.J. Jonas, and R.E. Hook, Cold rolling and annealing textures in low carbon and extra low carbon steels, Int. Mater. Rev., 39(1994), No. 4, p. 129.
J.X. Li, Z.Y. Liu, C.R. Gao, Z.D. Wang, X.H. Liu, and G.D. Wang, Evolution of textures in interstitial free steel during multiple cold rolling and annealing, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 167(2005), No. 1, p. 132.
H. Inagaki, Fundamental aspect of texture formation in low carbon steel, ISIJ Int., 34(1994), No. 4, p. 313.
F. Gao, Z.Y. Liu, H.T. Liu, S.M. Zhang, A.M. Dong, Y.S. Hao, and G.D. Wang, Development of γ-fibre recrystallisation texture in medium-chromium ferritic stainless steels, Mater. Sci. Technol., 30(2014), No. 14, p. 1735.
M. Černík, R. Gburík, L. Hrabčáková, and P. Vranec, Texture analysis of tinplate steel and its application in production of double reduced high strength tinplate grades with controlled earing properties, IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng., 82(2015), No. 1, art. No. 012108.
B. Hutchinson, N. Hansen, P. van Houtte, and D.J. Jensen, Deformation microstructures and textures in steels [and discussion], Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A, 357(1999), No. 1756, p. 1471.
B.J. Duggan, Y.Y. Tse, and G.L. Liu, Deformation banding and origins of rolling and annealing textures in low carbon and interstitial free steels, Mater. Sci. Technol., 26(2010), No. 4, p. 404.
R.K. Ray, J.J. Jonas, M.P. Butrón-Guillén, and J. Savoie, Transformation textures in steels, ISIJ Int., 34(1994), No. 12, p. 927.
T. He, Y.D. Liu, W. Sun, and L. Zuo, Formation of nuclei With {111} <110> and {111} <112> orientations of IF steel at early stage of recrystallization using EBSD analysis, J. Iron Steel Res. Int., 20(2013), No. 9, p. 61.
S.Y. Li and H.M. Zhang, A new method for predicting earing tendency of textured sheets, Acta Metall. Sin., 32(1996), No. 8, p. 884.
R. Saha, R.K. Ray, and D. Bhattacharjee, Attaining deep drawability and non-earing properties in Ti+Nb interstitial-free steels through double cold rolling and annealing, Scripta Mater., 57(2007), No. 3, p. 257.
Acknowledgements
This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. U1460101).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Liao, Lh., Zheng, Xf., Kang, Yl. et al. Crystallographic texture and earing behavior analysis for different second cold reductions of double-reduction tinplate. Int J Miner Metall Mater 25, 652–662 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-018-1612-9
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-018-1612-9